غزوة بني قريظة The Battle of Banu Qurayza
نبذة عن بني قريظة
بنو قريظة هم قبيلة يهودية استقرت في يثرب (المدينة المنورة) في القرن السابع الميلادي. يعود نسبهم إلى قريظة بن النمام، وقد هاجروا إلى الحجاز بعد الحروب اليهودية الرومانية، حيث امتهنوا الزراعة وازدهرت أوضاعهم الاقتصادية والثقافية. وقد عاشوا في شبه الجزيرة العربية، وقد لعبت قبيلتهم دورًا مهمًا في التاريخ الإسلامي، خاصة في غزوة بني قريظة، وصفهم الله عز وجل في كتابه العزيز كما وصف غيرهم من اليهود بقوله تعالي: { أَوَ كُلَّمَا عَاهَدُوا عَهْداً نَبَذَهُ فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمْ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ }(البقرة:100) ففي اليوم الذي رجع فيه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من الخندق هو وأصحابه ووضعوا السلاح، أتاه جبريل بصورة دحيه الكلبي يأمره بقتال بني قريظة جراء لغدرهم ونقضهم للعهد.
عدد المسلمين المشاركين
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توقيتها
وقعت هذه الغزوة في ذي القعدة سنة (5هـ)
ودام الحصار فيها
خمسًا وعشرين ليلة
سبب الغزوة
1- أمر بها سيدنا جبريل عليه السلام (سيدنا محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم)
تقول عائشة ـ رضي الله عنها ( لما رجع النبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ من الخندق ووضع السلاح واغتسل، أتاه جبريل ـ عليه السلام ـ فقال: قد وضعت السلاح، والله ما وضعناه، فاخرج إليهم، قال: فإلى أين؟ قال: هاهنا وأشار إلى بني قريظة، فخرج النبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ إليهم )(البخاري).
2- فأمر الرسول ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ المسلمين بدوره: بسرعة الخروج إليهم
قبل أن يتحصنوا بالحصون ويأخذوا العدة لذلك، حتى قال ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ لأصحابه: ( ألا لا يصلين أحد العصر إلا في بني قريظة، فأدرك بعضهم العصر في الطريق، فقال بعضهم: لا نصلي حتى نأتيهم، وقال بعضهم: بل نصلي لم يرد منا ذلك. فذكر ذلك للنبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ فلم يعنف واحدا منهم)(البخاري).
3- قال القاسمي { وَأَنْزَلَ الَّذِينَ ظَاهَرُوهُمْ } أي
عاونوا الأحزاب وساعدوهم على حرب الرسول ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ، { مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ } يعني: بني قريظة
أحداث الغزوة
باختصار
فأسرع ثلاثة آلاف مقاتل من المسلمين إلى يهود بني قريظة ، وحاصروهم في حصونهم خمسا وعشرين ليلة، حتى أتعبهم الحصار، وقذف الله في قلوبهم الرعب، فلم يجد اليهود مفراً، ولم يجدوا ما يعتذرون به عن خيانتهم التي كادت تهلك المسلمين.. تقول عائشة ـ رضي الله عنها: (.فأتاهم رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ فحاصرهم خمسا وعشرين ليلة، فلما اشتد حصرهم واشتد البلاء، قيل لهم: انزلوا على حكم رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ فاستشاروا أبا لبابة بن عبد المنذر، فأشار إليهم أنه الذبح، قالوا: ننزل على حكم سعد بن معاذ، فقال رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ انزلوا على حكم سعد بن معاذ ،فنزلوا ، وبعث رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ إلى سعد بن معاذ ، فأُتِي به على حمار عليه إكاف (ما يوضع على ظهر الحمار) من ليف قد حمل عليه، وحف به قومه فقالوا: يا أبا عمرو حلفاؤك ومواليك وأهل النكاية ومن قد علمت، قالت: وأنًّى لا(وهو لا) يرجع إليهم شيئا ولا يلتفت إليهم، حتى إذا دنا من دورهم، التفت إلى قومه فقال: قد آن لي أن لا أبالي في الله لومة لائم، قال أبو سعيد:فلما طلع على رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ قال: قوموا إلى سيدكم، فأنزلوه، فقال عمر: سيدنا الله عز وجل ، قال أنزلوه فأنزلوه ، قال رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ احكم فيهم، قال سعد : فإني أحكم فيهم أن تُقتل مقاتلتهم وتُسبى ذراريهم، وتقسم أموالهم، فقال رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ: لقد حكمت فيهم بحكم الله عز وجل وحكم رسوله..)(أحمد)
إلي التفاصيل
واستعمل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على المدينة ابن أم مكتوم
وأعطى الراية لعلي بن أبي طالب وقدمه إلى بني قريظة، حتى إذا دنا من حصونهم سمع منها مقالة قبيحة لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم .وخرج رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في موكبه من المهاجرين والأنصار حتى نزل على بئر من آبار قريظة يُقال لها بئر أنّا، ثم تحرك الجيش الإسلامي نحو بني قريظة أرسالًا حتى تلاحقوا بالنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وهم ثلاثة آلاف والخيل ثلاثون فرسًا، فنازلوا حصون بني قريظة.
وقامت الأوس إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم
فقالوا: يا رسول الله، قد فعلت في بني قينقاع ما قد علمت وهم حلفاء إخواننا الخزرج، وهؤلاء موالينا فأحسن فيهم، فقال: «أَلاَ تَرْضَوْنَ أَنْ يَحْكُمَ فِيهِمْ رَجُلٌ مِنْكُمْ؟»، قالوا: بلى، قال: «فَذَاكَ إِلَىْ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ»، قالوا: قد رضينا، فأرسل إلى سعد بن معاذ وكان في المسجد النبوي يُطيب من جرحه الذي أُصيب به في الخندق، وكان قد أصاب أكحله في معركة الأحزاب، فأُركب حمارًا وجاء إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فجعلوا يقولون، وهم كنفيه: يا سعد، أجمل في مواليك فأحسن فيهم، فإن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قد حكمك لتحسن فيهم، وهو ساكت لا يرجع إليهم شيئًا، فلما أكثروا عليه قال: لقد آن لسعد ألا تأخذه في الله لومة لائم، فلما سمعوا ذلك منه رجع بعضهم إلى المدينة، فنعى إليهم القوم، ولما انتهى سعد إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال للصحابة: «قُومُوا إِلَى سَيِّدِكُمْ - أَوْ خَيركُمْ - فَأَنْزِلُوهُ»، فقال عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه: السيد هو الله، فقاموا إليه فأنزلوه، ثم قال له رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «إنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ نَزَلُوا علَى حُكْمِكَ»، فقال سعد: فإني أحكم فيهم أن تُقتل مقاتلتهم، وتسبى ذراريهم، وتقسَّم أموالهم، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «لَقَدْ حَكَمْتَ فِيهِمْ بِحُكْمِ اللَّهِ مِنْ فَوْقِ سَبْعِ سَمَاوَاتٍ»، وفي رواية: أرقعة ، وفي بني قريظة نزل قول الله تعالى: { وَأَنْزَلَ الَّذِينَ ظَاهَرُوهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ مِنْ صَيَاصِيهِمْ وَقَذَفَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الرُّعْبَ فَرِيقاً تَقْتُلُونَ وَتَأْسِرُونَ فَرِيقاً * وَأَوْرَثَكُمْ أَرْضَهُمْ وَدِيَارَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ وَأَرْضاً لَمْ تَطَأُوهَا وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيراً }(الأحزاب27:26)
ثم أمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بالأُسارى، فجمعوا في
دار رملة بنت الحارث امرأة من بني النجار، وقيل دار أسامة بن زيد، قال الحافظ ابن حجر رحمه الله: ويمكن الجمع بينهما بأنهم جعلوا في بيتين
ثم أمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن تُحفر لهم الخنادق في سوق المدينة
ثم بعث إليهم، فجيء بهم أرسالًا وتُضرب أعناقهم في تلك الخنادق ويُلقون فيها، وكانوا أربعمائة رجل على الأرجح، وفي رواية ابن إسحاق في السيرة أنهم كانوا ستمائة أو سبعمائة رجل
وكان من جملة من قتل مع بني قريظة حيي بن أخطب
فإنه كان دخل مع بني قريظة في حصنهم حيث رجعت عنهم قريش وغطفان وفاء لكعب بن أسد بما كان عاهده عليه، فلما أتُي به قال له رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : «هَلْ أَخْزَاكَ اللَّهُ؟»، قال حيي: لقد ظهرت علي، أما والله ما لمت نفسي في عداوتك، ولكنه من يخذل الله يُخذل، ثم أقبل على الناس، فقال: أيها الناس، إنه لا بأس بأمرالله، كتاب وقدر وملحمة كتبها الله على بني إسرائيل، ثم جلس فضربت عُنُقه
نادى بأعلى صوته نفرًا من أشرافها حتى أسمعهم: «يَا إِخْوَةَ الْقِرَدَةِ وَالْخَنَازِيرَ»
فلما نزل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بحصنهم وكانوا في أعلاه، نادى بأعلى صوته نفرًا من أشرافها حتى أسمعهم: «يَا إِخْوَةَ الْقِرَدَةِ وَالْخَنَازِيرَ»، قالوا: يا أبا القاسم ما كنت جهولًا ولا فحاشًا، فحاصرهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم خمسًا وعشرين ليلة، حتى اشتدت بهم الحال وأيقنوا أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم غير منصرف عنهم حتى يناجزهم
عرض عليهم رئيسهم كعب بن أسد ثلاث خصال
إما أن يسلموا ويدخلوا مع محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في دينه، فيأمنوا على دمائهم وأموالهم وأبنائهم ونسائهم، وقد قال لهم: والله لقد تبين لكم أنه لنبي مرسل، وإنه الذي تجدونه في كتابكم، وإما أن يقتلوا ذراريهم ونساءهم بأيديهم، ويخرجوا إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بالسيوف مصلتين يناجزونه حتى يظفروا بهم، أو يُقتلوا عن آخرهم، وإما أن يهجموا على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأصحابه ويكبسوهم يوم السبت؛ لأنهم قد أمنوا أن يقاتلوهم فيه، فأبوا أن يجيبوه إلى واحدة من هذه الخصال الثلاث، وحينئذ قال سيدهم كعب بن أسد في انزعاج وغضب: ما بات رجل منكم منذ ولدته أمه ليلة واحدة من الدهر حازمًا
وبرغم ما أشار إليه أبو لبابة قررت قريظة النزول على حكم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم
ولقد كان باستطاعة اليهود أن يتحملوا الحصار الطويل لتوفر المواد الغذائية والمياه والآبار ومناعة الحصون، ولأن المسلمين كانوا يقاسون البرد القارس والجوع الشديد وهم في العراء، مع شدة التعب الذي اعتراهم لمواصلة الأعمال الحربية من قبل بداية معركة الأحزاب، إلا أن حرب قريظة كانت حرب أعصاب، فقد قذف الله في قلوبهم الرعب، وأخذت معنوياتهم بالانهيار، وبلغ هذا الانهيار إلى نهايته أن تقدم علي بن أبي طالب والزبير بن العوام رضي الله عنه، وصاح علي: يا كتيبة الإيمان! والله لأذوقنَّ ما ذاق حمزة أو لأفتحنَّ حصنهم، وحينئذ بادروا إلى النزول على حكم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم.
ولما تم أمر قريظة أُجيبت سعد بن معاذ رضي الله عنه بالموت
، وكان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قد ضرب له خيمة في المسجد ليعوده من قريب، فلما تم أمر قريظة انتقضت جراحته، قالت عائشة: فانفجرت من لبته، فلم يرعهم– وفي المسجد خيمة من بني غفار، إلا والدم يسيل إليهم، فقالوا: يا أهل الخيمة، ما هذا الذي يأتينا من قبلكم؟ فإذا سعد يغذو جرحه دمًا، فمات منها.
نفذ رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ حكم الله فيهم
في الرجال
أمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم باعتقال الرجال، فوضعت القيود في أيديهم تحت إشراف محمد بن مسلمة الأنصاري
في النساء والأطفال
وجعلت النساء والذراري (جمع ذرية) بمعزل عن الرجال في ناحية، ولم يقتل من نساء بني قريظة إلا امرأة واحدة، فقد روى أبو داود في سننه من حديث عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت: لم يُقتل من نسائهم - تعني بني قريظة - إلا امرأة، إنها لعندي تحدث تضحك ظهرًا وبطنًا ورسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقتل رجالهم بالسيوف، إذ هتف هاتف باسمها أين فلانة؟ قالت: أنا، قلت: وما شأنك؟ قالت: حدث أحدثته، قالت: فانطلق بها فضربت عُنُقها، فما أنسى عجبًا منها أنها تضحك ظهرًا وبطنًا وقد علمت أنها تُقتل
قصة ريحانه بنت عمرو بن خُنافة
واصطفى رسول الله لنفسه من نسائهم ريحانه بنت عمرو بن خُنافة إحدى نساء بني عمرو بن قريظة، فكانت عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حتى توفي عنها وهي في ملكه، وقد كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عرض عليها أن يتزوجها ويضرب عليها الحجاب، فقالت: يا رسول الله بل تتركني في ملكك، فهو أخف علي وعليك فتركها، وقد كانت حين سباها قد تعصَّت بالإسلام وأبت إلا اليهودية، فعزلها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، ووجد في نفسه لذلك من أمرها، فبينما هو مع أصحابه إذ سمع وقع نعلين خلفه فقال: «إِنَّ هَذَا لِثَعْلَبَةَ بْنِ سَعْيَةَ يُبَشّرُنِي بِإِسْلَامِ رَيْحَانَةَ» – فجاءه فقال: يا رسول الله، قد أسلمت ريحانة، فسره ذلك من أمرها
- وكان عطية القرظي ممن لم يُنبت له الشعر – أي لم يبلغ – فلم يقتل
وكان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قد أمر بقتل كل من أنبت منهم، وترك من لم يُنبت، فكان عطية القرظي ممن لم يُنبت، فخلَّى سبيله وأُلحق بالسبي، فروى الترمذي في سننه وابن حبان في صحيحه من حديث عطية القرظي قال: كنت فيمن حكم فيهم سعد ابن معاذ فشكوا فيَّ أمن الذرية أنا أم من المقاتلة؟ فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «انْظُرُوا، فَإِنْ كَانَ أَنْبَتَ الشَّعْرَ فَاقْتُلُوهُ، وَإِلَّا فَلَا تَقْتُلُوهُ
تقسيم أموال بني قريظة (أنفال) 3 أقسام
وقسم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أموال بني قريظة
1- الخمس لله ورسوله صلي الله عليه وسلم
2- للفارس ثلاثة أسهم سهمان للفرس وسهم للفارس
3- وأسهم للراجل سهمًا واحدًا لهم
بيع السبايا من اليهود
وبعث من سبايا بني قريظة إلى نجد تحت إشراف سعد بن زيد الأنصاري، فابتاع بها خيلًا وسلاحًا
وأسلم منهم تلك الليلة نفر
قبل النزول فحقنوا دماءهم وأموالهم وذراريهم
فقد أعطاه النبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ صلاحية الحكم بما يشاء على بني قريظة، وجعل موقفه - وهو رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - موقف الموافق والمؤيد لكل ما سيحكم به، بل قال عن حكمه : ( لقد حكمت فيهم بحكم الله عز وجل وحكم رسوله..). ثم قوله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ للأنصار عندما جاء سعد للحكم في بني قريظة: ( قوموا إلى سيدكم ) (البخاري)
- وعن جابر بن عبد الله ـ رضي الله عنه ـ قال: سمعت رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ يقول: ( اهتز العرش لموت سعد بن معاذ (البخاري).
- وعن البراء بن عازب ـ رضي الله عنه ـ قال: ( أهديت إلى النبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ حُلة حرير، فجعل أصحابه يحسونها ويعجبون من لينها، فقال ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ: أتعجبون من لين هذه؟، لمناديل سعد بن معاذ في الجنة خير منها وألين )(البخاري).
- وعن ابن عمر ـ رضي الله عنهما ـ أن النبي ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ قال عن سعد: ( هذا الذي تحرك له العرش، وفتحت له أبواب السماء، وشهده سبعون ألفا من الملائكة...) (النسائي)
4 - القضاء علي آخر وجود لليهود في المدينة
وبالقضاء على بني قريظة خلت المدينة تماما من الوجود اليهودي، الذي كان عنصراً خطراً لديه القدرة على المؤامرة والكيد والمكر، وانتهى حلم قريش في وجود حليف لها داخل المدينة ، لقد كانت حماية الجبهة الداخلية للدولة الإسلامية من المفسدين والمتآمرين منهجاً نبوياً وضعه لنا رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ، وكان نتيجة هامة من نتائج هذه الغزوة المباركة
5- بنو قريظة أشد عداوة لرسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم من كل القبائل اليهودية الأخر، لذا كان عقابهم أشد من غيرهم
فقال ابن القيم رحمه الله: «وأما قريظة فكانت أشد اليهود عداوة لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأغلظهم كفرًا، ولذلك جرى عليهم ما لم يجر على إخوانهم من بني قينقاع والنضير
6- سيدنا جبريل - عليه السلام - كانت يحث رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم لقتال بني قريظة
وروى البخاري في صحيحه من حديث أنس رضي الله عنه أنه قال: كأني أنظر إلى الغبار ساطعًا في زقاق بني غنم موكب جبريل حين سار رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى بني قريظة
7- اليهود أيضاً آمنوا بأن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم رسول من عند الله فعلاً وبالرغم من ذلك رفضوا الإيمان به
ومن خلال هذه الغزوة يظهر لنا تأكد اليهود من نبوة رسول الله ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ وحقدهم عليه، ورفضهم الإيمان به.
8- استشهاد اثنين من المسلمين
واستشهد من المسلمين يوم قريظة رجلان وهم خلاد بن سويد الذي طُرحت عليه رحى، فشدخت رأسه شدخًا شديدًا فمات، وأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بقتل تلك المرأة التي طرحت على خلاد بن سويد الرحى وتقدم ذكر ذلك، والشهيد الآخر هو أبو سنان بن محصن أخو عكاشة بن محصن مات ورسول الله محاصرًا بني قريظة
علم نفس: الردع الفوري وعواقبه
يعمل الردع على تثبيط السلوك غير المرغوب فيه من خلال الخوف من العواقب، وتتراوح الأمثلة بين قوانين المرور وسياسات العدالة الجنائية وحملات التوعية العامة.
من أمثلة الردع الفوري
سياسات العدالة الجنائية
تهدف الأحكام القاسية على جرائم العنف أو السرقة إلى ردع الآخرين عن ارتكاب جرائم مماثلة. وتُرسّخ العقوبات المعلنة، مثل أحكام السجن الطويلة أو الغرامات، انطباعًا بأن الجريمة تنطوي على عواقب وخيمة.
مرافقة المجرمين
في بعض الأنظمة القضائية، يُقتاد المجرمون علنًا أمام وسائل الإعلام لإذلالهم وإيصال رسالة للجمهور مفادها أن الجريمة ستُعاقب، مما يعزز الردع العام.
العزل
تمنع أحكام السجن المطولة أو القيود المفروضة على الحركة الجاني من ارتكاب المزيد من الجرائم، مما يُزيل فعليًا قدرته على إلحاق الضرر بالمجتمع، كما أنها تُشكل تحذيرًا للآخرين.
العقاب السريع
يُعزز تطبيق القانون بسرعة الصلة بين الجريمة وعواقبها.
شدة العواقب
على الرغم من أن تأثير العقوبات الشديدة أقل من تأثير اليقين، إلا أنها تُعزز الردع إذا تم الترويج لها بشكل جيد واعتُبرت عادلة.
الشاهد
من أقوي العقوبات الإسلامية: عقوبة بني قريظة، لأنهم كما تقدم أشد عداوة لرسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم من بني النضير وبنو قينقاع، فكلما زاد الحقد لا يحرق إلا نفسه في النهاية ، فنار الحقد تأكل كل ما حولها وأول ما تأكل تأكل صاحبها ، فالإنسان الحقود ليس حاسد وانتهي الأمر، فالحسد: هو زوال تمني النعمة من الغير وهنا الرسالة الخاتمة أنها لم تجييء في بني اسرائيل كبقية الأديان السابقة، بل تتعدي ذلك لإيصال الأذي بنفسك لمن تحقد عليه ولا تنتظر حتي تزال النعمة من نفسها، فتقليب الأحزاب علي رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم ومحاولة قتله ليست إلا حقد دفين لم يكتفي بأن يكون حسد، لذا الردع لابد أن يكون حاسم، ففي الحديث (إذا حسدت فلا تبغ) والبغي: هو الزيادة عن الحد في العداوة .
The Banu Qurayza were a Jewish tribe who settled in Yathrib (Medina) in the 7th century CE. They traced their lineage back to Qurayza ibn al-Nammam and migrated to the Hejaz after the Jewish-Roman Wars, where they practiced agriculture and their economic and cultural circumstances flourished. They lived in the Arabian Peninsula, and their tribe played an important role in Islamic history, especially in the Battle of Banu Qurayza. God Almighty described them in His Holy Book, as He described other Jews, by saying: {Is it not that every time they made a covenant, a party of them threw it away? Rather, most of them do not believe.} (Al-Baqarah: 100). On the day that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, returned from the Trench with his companions and laid down their weapons, Gabriel came to him in the form of Dihyah al-Kalbi, ordering him to fight Banu Qurayza because of their treachery and breaking of the covenant.
The Number of Muslim Participants
3000 Muslim Fighters
The Timing
This battle took place in Dhu al-Qi'dah of the year 5 AH
The siege lasted
25 nights
The Reason for the Battle
1- It was commanded by the Angel Gabriel (peace be upon him) (Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him)
Aisha (may God be pleased with her) said: “When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) returned from the Battle of the Trench, laid down his weapons, and performed ablution, Gabriel (peace be upon him) came to him and said: ‘You have laid down your weapons. By God, we have not laid them down. Go out to them.’ He asked: ‘Where to?’ He replied: ‘Here,’ pointing towards the Banu Qurayza. So, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) went out to them.” (Al-Bukhari)
2- The Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) then commanded the Muslims to hasten their march against them.
Before they fortified themselves in strongholds and prepared for battle, he (peace and blessings be upon him) said to his companions: “None of you should pray the afternoon prayer except in Banu Qurayza.” Some of them were overtaken by the time for the afternoon prayer while on the way. Some said: “We will not pray until we reach them.” Others said: “Rather, we will pray; that is not what is required of us.” This was mentioned to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and he did not rebuke either of them. (Al-Bukhari)
3- Al-Qasimi said: “And He brought down those who supported them,” meaning:
those who aided the confederates and assisted them in fighting the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), “from among the People of the Scripture,” meaning. Banu Qurayza.
The Events of the Battle
In Brief
Three thousand Muslim fighters hastened to the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza and besieged them in their fortresses for twenty-five nights. The siege exhausted them, and God instilled terror in their hearts. The Jews found no escape and no excuse for their treachery, which had nearly led to the Muslims' destruction. Aisha (may God be pleased with her) said: “The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) came to them and besieged them for twenty-five nights. When the siege intensified and their suffering became unbearable, they were told: 'Surrender to the judgment of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him).' They consulted Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir, who advised them that it meant slaughter. They said: 'We will surrender to the judgment of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh.' The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'Surrender to the judgment of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh.' So they surrendered. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) sent for Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, and he was brought on a donkey with a saddle on it.” From Lif, he carried him, and his people surrounded him and said: O Abu Amr, your allies, your supporters, the people of harm, and those whom you know. She said: And how could he not (and he did not) return anything to them, nor did he pay attention to them, until when he approached their homes, he turned to his people and said: The time has come for me to not care about the blame of the blamer in the cause of God. Abu Saeed said: When he appeared to the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - he said: Stand up for your leader, so they brought him down. Umar said: Our leader is God Almighty. He said: Bring him down, so they brought him down. The Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - said: Judge concerning them. Saad said: I judge concerning them that their fighters be killed, their women and children be taken captive, and their wealth be divided. The Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - said: You have judged concerning them according to the judgment of God Almighty and the judgment of His Messenger. (Ahmad)
Here are the details;
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, appointed Ibn Umm Maktum as governor of Medina
He gave the banner to Ali ibn Abi Talib and sent him to the Banu Qurayza. When he approached their fortresses, he heard them utter vile words against the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, then set out with his entourage of Muhajireen and Ansar until he reached a well belonging to the Banu Qurayza called Bi'r Anna. The Muslim army then advanced towards the Banu Qurayza in waves until they joined the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. They numbered three thousand men and thirty horses, and they besieged the fortresses of the Banu Qurayza.
The Aws tribe went to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
They said, “O Messenger of Allah, you have done what you know about the Banu Qaynuqa, who are allies of our brothers, the Khazraj. These are our clients, so treat them well.” He said, “Would you not be satisfied if a man from among you were to judge them?” They said, “Yes.” He said, “Then that is up to Sa’d ibn Mu’adh.” They said, “We are satisfied.” So, he sent for Sa’d ibn Mu’adh, who was in the Prophet’s Mosque, tending to the wound he had sustained at the Battle of the Trench. He had been wounded in the jugular vein during the Battle of the Confederates. He was mounted on a donkey and came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). They kept saying to him, as they stood beside him, “O Sa’d, be kind to your clients and treat them well, for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has appointed you to judge them well.” He remained silent and did not respond to them. When they persisted, he said, “It is time for Sa’d to fear no blame in the cause of Allah.” They blamed him, and when they heard this from him, some of them returned to Medina and informed them of the people's fate. When Sa'd reached the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), he said to the Companions, "Go to your leader—or your best man—and bring him down." Umar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) said, "The true leader is God." So, they went to him and brought him down. Then the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said to him, "These people have surrendered to your judgment." Sa'd said, "Then I judge that their fighters be killed, their women and children be taken captive, and their wealth be divided." The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "You have judged them according to the judgment of God from above the seven heavens." In another narration, it is "Arqa'a." And concerning Banu Qurayza, the words of God Almighty were revealed: {And He sent down Those among the People of the Scripture who supported them from their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts - a party of them you killed and a party you took captive. And He caused you to inherit their land and their homes and their wealth and a land which you had not trodden. And God is ever, over all things, competent. (Al-Ahzab 26:27)
Then the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered that the captives be gathered in
the house of Ramla bint al-Harith, a woman from Banu Najjar, or, as some say, the house of Usama ibn Zayd. Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar, may God have mercy on him, said: It is possible to reconcile these accounts by saying that they were placed in two houses.
Then the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered that trenches be dug for them in the market of Medina.
Then he sent for them, and they were brought in groups, and their necks were struck in those trenches, and they were thrown into them. They numbered four hundred men, most likely, though in Ibn Ishaq's account in the biography, they numbered six hundred or seven hundred men.
Among those killed with Banu Qurayza was Huyayy ibn Akhtab.
He had entered with Banu Qurayza into their fortress after the Quraysh and Ghatafan withdrew from them, fulfilling his promise to Ka'b ibn Asad. When he was brought before him, the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, said to him, "Has God disgraced you?" Huyayy replied, "You have prevailed over me. By God, I do not blame myself for my enmity towards you, but it is from..." He was forsaken by God, then he turned to the people and said, “O people, there is no harm in God’s decree. It is a book, a destiny, and a battle that God has written for the Children of Israel.” Then he sat down, and his head was struck off.
He called out at the top of his voice to some of their leaders so that they could hear him: “O brothers of apes and pigs!”
When the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, descended upon their fortress, and they were on its highest point, he called out at the top of his voice to some of their leaders so that they could hear him: “O brothers of apes and pigs!” They said, “O Abu al-Qasim, you were neither ignorant nor foul-mouthed.” So, the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, besieged them for twenty-five nights, until their situation became dire and they were certain that the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, would not leave them until he had fought them.
Their leader, Ka'b ibn Asad, offered them three options
Either they could embrace Islam and join Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) in his religion, thus ensuring the safety of their lives, wealth, children, and women. He told them, "By God, it has become clear to you that he is a sent prophet, and that he is the one you find mentioned in your scriptures." Or they could kill their own children and women with their own hands and go out to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) with drawn swords, fighting him until they defeat them or are all killed. Or they could attack the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) and his companions and raid them on Saturday. Because they were certain they would not fight them, they refused to accept any of these three options. At that point, their leader, Ka'b ibn Asad, said in agitation and anger: "Not one of you has ever spent a single night in his life being resolute!"
The Story of Abu Lubaba, the Ally of the Jews
After these three options, the only remaining option for the Qurayza was to submit to the judgment of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him. However, they wanted to contact some of their Muslim allies to learn what would happen to them if they submitted to his judgment. So they sent word to the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, asking him to send them Abu Lubaba so they could consult him. He was an ally of theirs, and his wealth and children were in their territory. When they saw him, the men stood up to greet him, and the women and children wept before him. He took pity on them, and they said: "O Abu Lubaba, do you think we should submit to Muhammad's judgment?" He said, "Yes," and pointed to his throat, meaning, "It is slaughter." Then he immediately realized that he had betrayed God and His Messenger, so he went on his way and did not return to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) until he reached the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. There, he tied himself to a pillar of the mosque and swore that only the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) would untie him with his own hand, and that he would never enter the land of Banu Qurayza again. When the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) heard of him, having been waiting for him, he said, "If he had come to me, I would have sought forgiveness for him. But since he has done what he has done, I will not release him from his place until God accepts his repentance." Abu Lubaba (may God be pleased with him) remained tied to the pillar for six nights or more. His wife would come to him at the time of each prayer and untie him so he could pray, then he would be tied to the pillar again, until God accepted his repentance. Then God revealed: {And others have confessed their sins. They mixed a righteous deed with another that was bad. Perhaps God will accept their repentance. Indeed, God is Forgiving and Merciful.} [At-Tawbah: 102]
Despite what Abu Lubabah had indicated, the Banu Qurayza decided to surrender to the judgment of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him
The Jews could have endured a long siege due to the availability of food, water, wells, and the strength of their fortresses. The Muslims, on the other hand, were suffering from the bitter cold and severe hunger while exposed to the elements, in addition to the extreme fatigue they had experienced from continuing military operations even before the Battle of the Trench. However, the war against the Banu Qurayza was a war of nerves. God instilled fear in their hearts, and their morale began to collapse. This collapse reached its peak when Ali ibn Abi Talib and Az-Zubayr advanced. Ibn al-Awwam, may God be pleased with him, cried out to Ali: “O battalion of faith! By God, I will taste what Hamza tasted, or I will conquer their fortress!” At that point, they hastened to surrender to the judgment of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him.
When the matter of Qurayza was settled, Sa’d ibn Mu’adh, may God be pleased with him, was granted death.
The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had pitched a tent for him in the mosque so that he could visit him frequently. When the matter of Qurayza was settled, his wound reopened. Aisha said: “It burst open from his throat.” They were startled—and there was a tent of Banu Ghifar in the mosque—when blood began flowing towards them. They said: “O people of the tent, what is this that is coming to us from your direction?” Then they saw Sa’d bleeding profusely from his wound, and he died from it.
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, carried out God's judgment upon them
Regarding the men
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered the men to be arrested, and they were handcuffed under the supervision of Muhammad ibn Maslamah al-Ansari.
Regarding the women and children
The women and children were kept separate from the men in one area. Only one woman from Banu Qurayza was killed. Abu Dawud narrated in his Sunan, on the authority of Aisha, may God be pleased with her, that she said: "Only one woman from among their women—meaning Banu Qurayza—was killed. She was with me, laughing heartily, while the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, was killing their men with swords, when a voice called out her name: 'Where is so-and-so?' She said: 'It is I.' I said: 'What is the matter with you?'" She said: "I did something." She said: "So he took her away and struck off her head." I will never forget how astonishing she was, laughing heartily, even though she knew she was going to be killed.
The Story of Rayhana bint Amr ibn Khunafa
The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) chose Rayhana bint Amr ibn Khunafa, one of the women of Banu Amr ibn Qurayza, from among their women. She remained with the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) until his death while she was still his wife. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) had offered to marry her and impose the hijab upon her, but she said: "O Messenger of God, leave me in your possession, for that is easier for both of us." So he left her. When she was taken captive, she had resisted Islam and refused to return to Judaism. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) separated her from Islam and was troubled by her actions. While he was with his companions, he heard the sound of sandals behind him and said: "This is Tha'labah ibn Sa'ya bringing me good news." “With the conversion of Rayhana to Islam”—so he came to him and said, “O Messenger of God, Rayhana has embraced Islam,” and this pleased him greatly.
And Atiyyah al-Qurazi was among those who had not yet grown pubic hair—
that is, he had not reached puberty—so he was not killed. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, had ordered that all those who had grown pubic hair be killed, and those who had not be killed be spared. Atiyyah al-Qurazi was among those who had not grown pubic hair, so he was released and taken captive. At-Tirmidhi narrated in his Sunan and Ibn Hibban in his Sahih, on the authority of Atiyyah al-Qurazi, who said: “I was among those over whom Sa’d ibn Mu’adh was appointed as judge, and they were uncertain about me: was I from the women and children or from the fighting?” The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Look, if he has grown hair, then kill him, otherwise do not kill him.”
The division of the spoils of Banu Qurayza (Anfal) into 3 parts
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) divided the spoils of Banu Qurayza into
1. One-fifth for Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him)
2. Three shares for the horseman: two shares for the horse and one share for the horseman
3. One share for the foot soldier
The sale of the Jewish captives
He sent captives from Banu Qurayza to Najd under the supervision of Sa’d ibn Zayd al-Ansari, who used them to buy horses and weapons.
Some of them embraced Islam that night
Before the expedition, they were spared, their lives, their property, and their families.
We derive several general principles from the Battle of Banu Qurayza
1- The differences of opinion among the Companions
like the differences of opinion among scholars, are a mercy. The Companions, may God be pleased with them, differed on the issue of the afternoon prayer in Banu Qurayza, or when the time for the afternoon prayer arrived while they were on the road. Some prayed, and others did not object. This is an important indication of the principle of proper conduct during disagreement, and it also establishes the principle of independent reasoning (ijtihad) in deriving legal rulings.
2- Fighting those who break treaties
Scholars of Hadith and biography have derived from the story of Banu Qurayza the permissibility of fighting those who break treaties. Imam al-Nawawi included this as a translation of the hadith in Sahih Muslim. Peace, treaties, and safe passage between Muslims and others must be respected by Muslims unless the others break the treaty, peace, or safe passage. In that case, it is permissible for Muslims to fight them if they deem it in the best interest to do so.
3- The merits and virtues of Sa’d bin Mu’adh - may God be pleased with him -
The Prophet - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - gave him the authority to rule as he wished over the Banu Qurayza, and made his position - that of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - a position of agreement and support for everything he would rule by, and he said about his ruling: (I have ruled over them by the ruling of God Almighty and the ruling of His Messenger..). Then, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to the Ansar when Sa'd came to judge the Banu Qurayza: "Stand up for your leader." (Al-Bukhari)
And on the authority of Jabir ibn Abdullah (may God be pleased with him), he said: I heard the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) say: "The Throne shook at the death of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh." (Al-Bukhari)
And on the authority of Al-Bara' ibn Azib (may God be pleased with him), he said: "A silk garment was gifted to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and his companions began to feel it and marvel at its softness. He (peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'Are you amazed at the softness of this? The handkerchiefs of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh in Paradise are better and softer than this.'" (Al-Bukhari)
And on the authority of Ibn Umar (may God be pleased with them both), the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said about Sa'd: "This is the one for whom the Throne shook, for whom the gates of Heaven were opened, and who was witnessed by seventy thousand angels..." (An-Nasa'i)
4 - The Judgment of the Last The Presence of Jews in Medina
With the elimination of Banu Qurayza, Medina was completely free of the Jewish presence, which had been a dangerous element capable of conspiracy, treachery, and deceit. The Quraysh's dream of having an ally within Medina ended. Protecting the internal front of the Islamic state from corruptors and conspirators was a prophetic principle established for us by the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), and it was a significant outcome of this blessed campaign.
5- Banu Qurayza were the most hostile to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) than all the other Jewish tribes; therefore, their punishment was more severe than others.
Ibn al-Qayyim (may God have mercy on him) said: “As for Qurayza, they were the most hostile of the Jews to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) and the most vehement in their disbelief. Therefore, what befell them did not befall their brethren from Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir.”
6- The Angel Gabriel (peace be upon him) urged the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) to fight Banu Qurayza.
Al-Bukhari narrated in his Sahih, on the authority of Anas He (may God be pleased with him) said: “It is as if I see the dust rising in the alley of Banu Ghanm, the procession of Gabriel, when the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) marched to Banu Qurayza.”
7- The Jews also believed that the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) was indeed a Messenger from God, yet they refused to believe in him.
Through this battle, we see the Jews’ certainty of the Prophet’s prophethood (peace and blessings be upon him), their hatred for him, and their refusal to believe in him.
8- The martyrdom of two Muslims
Two Muslims were martyred on the day of Qurayza: Khallad ibn Suwayd, on whom a millstone was dropped, crushing his head severely, and he died. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered the execution of the woman who dropped the millstone on Khallad ibn Suwayd, as previously mentioned. The other martyr was Abu Sinan ibn Mihsan, the brother of Ukasha ibn Mihsan, who died while the Messenger of God was besieging Banu Qurayza.
The Psychology: Immediate Deterrence and Its Consequences
The deterrence works by discouraging undesirable behavior through fear of consequences. Examples range from traffic laws and criminal justice policies to public awareness campaigns.
The Examples of Immediate Deterrence
The Criminal Justice Policies
Harsh sentences for violent or theft crimes are intended to deter others from committing similar offenses. Publicly announced penalties, such as long prison terms or fines, reinforce the impression that crime has serious consequences.
The public Encounter
In some legal systems, offenders are paraded publicly in front of the media to humiliate them and send a message to the public that crime will be punished, thus reinforcing general deterrence.
The solation
Long prison sentences or restrictions on movement prevent offenders from committing further crimes, effectively removing their ability to harm society. They also serve as a warning to others.
Swift Punishment
The swift application of the law reinforces the link between crime and its consequences.
The Severity of Consequences
Although the impact of severe punishments is less than that of certainty, they strengthen deterrence if properly communicated and deemed just.
The Witness
One of the strongest Islamic punishments was that of Banu Qurayza, because, as mentioned, they were more hostile to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) than Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa. The more hatred grows, the more it ultimately consumes itself. The fire of hatred consumes everything around it, and the first to be consumed is its owner. A spiteful person is not merely envious. Envy is the desire for the loss of another's blessings. Herein lies the final message: envy is not confined to the Children of Israel as it was in previous religions but extends to inflicting harm directly upon the one you hate, not waiting for the blessings to be taken away. The instigation of the confederate tribes against the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the attempt to kill him were nothing but deep-seated hatred that went beyond mere envy. Therefore, deterrence must be decisive. The hadith states, "If you feel envy, do not transgress." Transgression is exceeding the bounds of what is permissible in enmity.
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