ويصبحون أكثر ميلاً للانخراط في أنشطة غير قانونية. هذا الاعتقاد بالإفلات من العقاب يغرس شعوراً بالحصانة لدى المجرمين المحتملين، إذ يرون خطر العقاب ضئيلاً أو معدوماً، مما يشجعهم على تنفيذ نواياهم الإجرامية. من المخالفات البسيطة كالسرقة إلى الجرائم الأكثر خطورة، يتغلغل الاعتقاد بالإفلات من العقاب في عقول الأفراد، فيجعلهم يشعرون بأنهم محصنون من العواقب التي من المفترض أن تردعهم.
إن الدولة الإسلامية المدنية قد تحققت بالفعل علي أرض الواقع - إن صح التعبير - فهناك دستور ومعاهدات مع يهود ومع بعض الأعراب المحيطين بالجزيرة العربية، وهناك جيش إسلامي وهناك ممتلكات للمسلمين واقتصاد حر وسوق إسلامي ، فلو تُرك السارق والباغي وأعمال إجرامية تحدث في هذا المجتمع الناشء لإختل التوازن، ولعمل الناس ألف حساب للدخول في هذا الدين الذي لا يستطيع حماية ممتلكات أفراده، والإبل من أكرم ممتلكات العرب، فلو هددت الناس في تجارتها الحرة وممتلكاتها النفيسة فماذا تركت لهم ليشعروا بالأمان بجانبك، إما أن تستطيع حمايتهم، أو تترك ما تدعوهم إليه، ربما هذا ما يُفسر خروج نبي الله صلي الله عليه وسلم بنفسه في معظم الغزوات إن لم تكن كلها، فهو يقول ما يفعل ويفعل ما يقول صلي الله عليه وسلم.
The Names of the Expedition
The Expedition of Dhi Qarad
The Expedition of the Forest
The Reason for the Name
This refers to a place near Medina on the Syrian side, with many trees. It was the place where the polytheists raided the Prophet's camels (may God bless him and grant him peace) while they were grazing.
The Reason for the Expedition
Only a few nights had passed since the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) returned from his expedition against the Banu Lahyan when Uyaynah ibn Hisn al-Fazari, along with a group from his tribe, Ghatafan, raided the Prophet's (may God bless him and grant him peace) pregnant camels that were grazing. They killed a man and captured a woman from among the Muslims. The Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) and his companions pursued Salamah ibn al-Akwa' to Dhi Qarad and recovered all the camels after killing many of the polytheists.
The Events of the Expedition
No sooner had the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him)
returned from his expedition against the Banu Lahyan,
Then Uyaynah ibn Hisn, from the Banu Abd Allah ibn Ghatafan
raided the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) camels in the forest. They drove them away, killed their shepherd, a man from the Ghifar tribe, and took his wife captive. The first to warn of their approach was Salamah ibn Amr ibn al-Akwa' al-Aslami (may God be pleased with him). Salamah said: "I went out before the first call to prayer. The Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) camels were grazing at Dhu Qarad. A servant of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf met me and said:
The Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) camels were taken. I asked, "Who took them?" He replied, "Ghatfan."
Then I cried out three times, "O morning!" He said: “I made my voice heard throughout the area between the two lava fields of Medina, then I rushed forward until I caught up with them at Dhu Qarad. They were drawing water, so I began shooting arrows at them—for I was an archer—and I said, ‘I am Ibn al-Akwa’… and today is the day of the suckling camels!’ I continued reciting poetry until I rescued the she-camels from them and seized thirty cloaks from them.” He said:
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and the people came, and I said, “O Prophet of God, I have protected the people from the water, and they are thirsty. Send someone to them.”
He said, “O Ibn al-Akwa’, you have power, so be lenient.” Then he said, “They are now being given hospitality in Ghatafan.” The cry for help reached the tribe of Banu Amr ibn Awf in Medina, and reinforcements arrived. Horses kept coming, and men on foot and on camels, until they reached the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, at Dhu Qarad. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, reached a watering place called Dhu Qarad. He slaughtered a camel from among the camels he had recovered and stayed there for a day and a night before returning to Medina.
And in this battle, one was killed
Al-Akhram, who was Muhriz ibn Nadla (may God be pleased with him). He was killed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Uyayna, who then turned on his horse. Abu Qatada charged at him and killed him, and recovered the horse, which had belonged to Mahmud ibn Maslama.
The captive woman approached on a camel belonging to the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him).
She had vowed that if God saved her on it, she would slaughter it. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “What a terrible reward she has given! There is no vow for the son of Adam regarding what he does not own, nor regarding disobedience.” And he took his camel. Muslim narrated in his Sahih on the authority of Salama bin Al-Akwa’ in this story, who said: We returned to Medina, and we did not stay there for more than three nights, until we went out to Khaybar.
More details
The exploits of Ibn al-Akwa’ in this raid
The first to warn of them was Salama ibn Amr ibn al-Akwa’. He set out for the forest the next morning, carrying his bow and arrows, accompanied by a servant of Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, who led his horse. When he reached Thaniyat al-Wada’, he saw some of their horses, looked towards the direction of Sal’, and cried out, “O such morning!” Then he went out running after the people, as swift as a lion, until he caught up with them. He began to repel them with arrows, saying as he shot, “Take this, I am Ibn al-Akwa’, and today is the day of the suckling infants!” When the horses charged at him, he would run away, then confront them. Whenever he had the opportunity to shoot, he would shoot, then say, “Take this, I am Ibn al-Akwa’, and today is the day of the suckling infants!” One of them would say, “Our al-Akwa’! It is the beginning of the day!
Muhriz reached the enemy first. Asim ibn Umar ibn Qatada told me that the first horseman to join the enemy was Muhriz ibn Nadla
The enemy was seized with panic. A horse belonging to Mahmud ibn Maslama had started galloping in the walled garden when it heard the neighing of horses. It was a fine, well-bred horse. Some women from the Banu Abd al-Ashhal tribe, seeing the horse galloping in the garden with a palm trunk to which it was tied, said: “O Qumayr, would you like to ride this horse, as you can see, and then join the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) and the Muslims?” He said: “Yes.” So, they gave it to him, and he rode out. He quickly outpaced the horses, reaching the enemy and standing before them. He said, "Hold on, O Banu al-Laki'ah, until those behind you from among the Muhajireen and Ansar join you." A man from among them charged at him and killed him. The horse galloped on, but he could not be overtaken until it stopped at his resting place among the Banu Abd al-Ashhal. No other Muslims were killed that day.
Among the Muslims killed that day with Muhriz was Waqqas ibn Muhriz al-Mudlaji, as mentioned by several scholars.
When the horses caught up, Abu Qatada killed Habib ibn Uyaynah ibn Hisn, covered him with his cloak, and then rejoined the people.
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) proceeded with the Muslims, and appointed Ibn Umm Maktum as governor of Medina
Then they saw Habib covered with Abu Qatada's cloak. The people recited the supplication of return to Allah and said, "Abu Qatada has been killed." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "He is not Abu Qatada, but he is a slain man of Abu Qatada. His cloak was placed on him so that you would know he was his companion." 'Ukasha ibn Mihsan caught up with Awbar and his son 'Amr ibn Awbar, who were riding the same camel, and he pierced them both with his spear, killing them both. They rescued some of the camels. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) continued his journey until he reached the mountain of Dhu Qarad. The people joined him, and he stayed there for a day and a night. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) prayed the prayer of fear at Dhu Qarad and remained there for a day and a night awaiting news. Horsemen and men on foot and on camels kept arriving until they reached the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent a group of men to Dhu Qarad, and they rescued ten camels. The group escaped with the remaining ten. Salama ibn al-Akwa’ said to him, “O Messenger of God, if you had sent me with a hundred men, I would have rescued the rest of the herd and seized the people.” The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, as I have been told, “They are now milking the livestock at night in Ghatafan.” It is said that the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) returned to Medina on Monday, having been away for five nights.
A man from Ghatafan came and said, “Pass by so-and-so from Ghatafan, and he slaughtered a camel for them.
When they began to skin it, they saw a cloud of dust, so they abandoned it and fled. When morning came, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Our best horseman today is Abu Qatada, and our best foot soldier is Salama.” Then the Messenger of God gave me… The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) gave the same share to both foot soldiers and horsemen. In Bukhari's narration of this account, on the authority of Salama, it states: “I said, ‘O Prophet of God, you have denied the people water while they are thirsty, so send for them now. Then the Prophet’s horsemen (peace and blessings be upon him) caught up with the enemy and the grazing animals, and they fought fiercely, rescuing the animals, and God Almighty defeated the enemy.”
From this Battle, we learn the following
The courage of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)
His personal participation in the fighting alongside his noble companions, rather than his sitting idly by in a leadership council merely theorizing and planning
The initiative and bravery of the companions in response to the call to jihad, especially that of Salamah ibn al-Akwa' (may God be pleased with him)
Who single-handedly confronted a group of disbelievers, terrifying them and recovering the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) stolen camels. He even took some spoils of war from them. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) then honored him both morally and materially, praising him, giving him two shares of the spoils, and carrying him on his camel until he returned to Medina. This demonstrates an important lesson and a sign from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to honor those of high resolve.
The permissibility of running at full speed during battle and of sounding a loud cry to warn others
The importance of a person identifying himself as brave to intimidate his opponent, and the desirability of praising the brave and those possessing virtue—especially when they perform a commendable act. - To increase this, and its place is where temptation is avoided, and it involves foot racing, and there is no disagreement about its permissibility without compensation, but with compensation, the correct view is that it is not valid.
The invalidity of a vow to commit a sin, or a vow concerning something one does not own.
And the Prophet's forbearance and generosity, peace and blessings be upon him, in his smile when he forbade the woman from slaughtering the camel on which God had saved her.
The distribution of spoils of war
He distributed a camel to every hundreds of his companions to slaughter, and they numbered five hundred, or it is said, seven hundred. Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah sent him loads of dates and ten camels (camels being the plural of camel: what is suitable from a sheep to be slaughtered), and they arrived at Dhu Qarad.
The Psychology: The Relationship Between Impunity and Crime
Impunity is a major factor that promotes, motivates, and influences criminal behavior. The absence of consequences resulting from the relationship between impunity and crime encourages the commission of criminal acts.
When individuals believe they can commit crimes with impunity, their fear of punishment diminishes
and they become more inclined to engage in illegal activities. This belief in impunity instills a sense of immunity in potential criminals, as they perceive the risk of punishment as minimal or nonexistent, thus encouraging them to carry out their criminal intentions. From minor offenses like theft to more serious crimes, the belief in impunity permeates individuals' minds, making them feel immune to the consequences that are supposed to deter them.
The erosion of the fear of punishment has far-reaching effects on society
It undermines the social contract, which is essential for social cohesion. The belief in impunity creates an atmosphere of anxiety, eroding the general sense of security and trust among citizens. As criminal behavior increases and the effectiveness of the legal system declines, public welfare and quality of life in society are negatively affected. The belief in impunity reduces the fear of punishment and facing legal consequences. When people do not perceive punishment as effective, the likelihood of crime increases
The allure of power is another powerful aspect associated with impunity
Engaging in criminal activities can give individuals a sense of control and power over others. This perceived power can generate feelings of superiority and dominance, driving some individuals to engage in illegal activities to assert their influence and satisfy their ego.
Some may experience a rush of euphoria or adrenaline when breaking the rules and acting outside the law.
This feeling of rebellion or defiance of societal expectations may temporarily liberate them from monotonous routines and give them an increased sense of excitement and personal satisfaction.
The belief in impunity leads individuals to justify their actions
because they do not perceive any potential harm resulting from their criminal behavior. This is how they psychologically justify their crimes. Their motivation to commit crimes is strengthened if they are convinced that their actions are justified.
These individuals seek validation and support from like-minded individuals or within their criminal networks
They surround themselves with people who share their beliefs or engage in similar illegal activities. These individuals can reinforce their justifications and convince themselves that their behavior is socially acceptable or morally justifiable.
The witness
The Islamic civil state has already been established on the ground - so to speak - there is a constitution and treaties with the Jews and with some of the Bedouins surrounding the Arabian Peninsula, there is an Islamic army, there are properties for Muslims, a free economy and an Islamic market. If theft, aggression and criminal acts were allowed to occur in this emerging society, the balance would be disrupted, and people would think twice before entering this religion that cannot protect the property of its members. Camels are among the most precious possessions of the Arabs, so if you threaten people in their free trade and their valuable possessions, what do you leave them to feel safe with you? Either you can protect them, or you abandon what you are calling them to. Perhaps this explains why the Prophet of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, went out himself in most of the battles, if not all of them. He says what he does and does what he says, may God bless him and grant him peace.
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