غزوة حُنين The Battle of Hunayn
عدد المسلمين المشاركين في الغزوة
12 الف: اثنا عشر ألفًا؛ عشرة آلاف من أهل المدينة، وألفين من أهل مكة
عدد المشركين
أربعة آلاف من الشجعان
بين المسلمين ومن؟
بين المسلمين وقبيلتي هوازن وثقيف
التوقيت
السابع من شهر شوال، من السنة الثامنة من هجرة النبي المصطفى صلى الله عليه وسلم
المكان
دارت رحاها في وادي حنين، وهو وادٍ إلى جنب ذي المجَاز، بينه وبين مكة سبعة وعشرون كيلو مترًا تقريبًا، من جهة عرفات
كم من المسلمين ثبت في أول الهزيمة في حنين؟
١٠٠ صحابي من أصل ١٢ الف من المسلمين ، وقيل اختلف العلماء في العدد
ثبت رسول الله ﷺ ومعه نفر قليل منهم أبو بكر، وعمر، وعثمان، وعليّ، والعباس وابنه الفضل، وأبو سفيان بن الحارث بن عبد المطلب ابن عمه ﷺ، وأسامة بن زيد، وربيعة والحارث بن عبد المطلب، وعتبة ومعتب (ابنا أبي لهب)، وأيمن بن أم أيمن، واختلف في عدد من ثبت من رسول الله
هل هناك قرآن نزل بسبب الغزوة؟
نعم، فقد أعجبت بعض الصحابة كثرتهم، فقال بعض القوم: اليوم والله نقاتل، ولن نغلب اليوم من قلة. وأنشد البعض قائلا: لو لقينا بني شيبان ما بالينا *** ولا يغلبنا اليوم أحد من قلة
فأنزل الله تعالي
﴿لَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ فِي مَوَاطِنَ كَثِيرَةٍ وَيَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ إِذْ أَعْجَبَتْكُمْ كَثْرَتُكُمْ فَلَمْ تُغْنِ عَنْكُمْ شَيْئًا وَضَاقَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْأَرْضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتْ ثُمَّ وَلَّيْتُمْ مُدْبِرِينَ ﴾ [التوبة: 25]
سبب الغزوة
لقد كان فتح مكة كما قال ابن القيم : " الفتح الأعظم الذي أعز الله به دينه ورسوله وجنده وحزبه الأمـين، واستنقذ به بلده وبيته الذي جعله هدي للعالمين، من أيدي الكفار والمشركين. وهو الفتح الذي استبشر به أهل السماء...ودخل الناس به في دين الله أفواجًا، وأشرق به وجه الأرض ضياء وابتهاجًا " .وكان لهذا الفتح الأعظم رد فعل معاكس لدى القبائل العربية الكبيرة القريبة من مكة، وفي مقدمتها قبيلتا هوزان و ثقيف، فقد اجتمع رؤساء هذه القبائل، وسلموا قياد أمرهم، إلى مالك بن عوف سيد ( هوزان ). وأجمعوا أمرهم على المسير لقتال المسلمين، قبل أن تتوطد دعائم نصرهم، وتنتشر طلائع فتحهم ، حيث فكرت قبيلتا هوازن وثقيف وكانت حدودهما متصلة بمكة، بأنهما لو هزما المسلمين لعادت إليهم بساتين أهل مكة وأملاكهم بالطائف، فخرجوا إلى مكة في أربعة آلاف من الشجعان.
أحداث الغزوة
سفاهة رأي مالك بن أشجع: خرج بكل ما يملك في حرب المسلمين
كان مالك بن عوف رجلاً شجاعًا ومقدامًا، إلا أنه كان سقيم الرأي، وسيء المشورة؛ فقد خرج بقومه أجمعين، رجالاً ونساء وأطفالاً وأموالاً؛ ليُشعر كل رجل وهو يقاتل أن ثروته وزوجته وراءه فلا يفر عنها. وقد اعترضه في موقفه هذا دريد بن الصمة - وكان فارسًا مجربًا محنكًا، قد صقلته السنون، وخبرته الأحداث - قائلاً له: وهل يرد المنهزم شيء؟ إن كانت الدائرة لك، لم ينفعك إلا رجل بسيفه ورمحه، وإن كانت عليك: فضُحْتَ في أهلك ومالك. فسفَّه مالك رأيه، وركب رأسه، وأصر على المضي في خطته، لا يثنيه عن ذلك شيء
وانتهى خبر مالك وما عزم عليه إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم
فأخذ يجهز جيشه، ويعد عدته لمواجهة هذا الموقف. وكان مالك بن عوف قد استبق زمام المبادرة وتوجه إلى حنين، وأدخل جيشه بالليل في مضائق من ذلك الوادي، وفرق أتباعه في الطرق والمداخل، وأصدر إليهم أمره، بأن يرشقوا المسلمين عند أول ظهور لهم، ثم يشدوا عليهم شدة رجل واحد
وكان رسول اللّه صلى الله عليه وسلم قد عبأ جيشه بالسَّحَر
وعقد الألوية والرايات، وفرقها على الناس، وقبل أن يبزغ فجر ذلك اليوم، استقبل المسلمون وادي حنين،بعد أن جهز رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم الجيش طوال الليل، بعد طلوع الفجر: أمر النبي ﷺ خالد بن الوليد أن يقود فرقة من بني سليم بالهبوط نحو الوادي؛ لتأمين المكان لبقية الجيش، فما إنْ نزلت هذه الفرقة حتى ظهرت الكمائن التي وضعتها هوازن، فأصيب خالد رضي الله عنه وسقط، وبدأ بنو سليم الذين أسلموا حديثًا بالهرب مدبرين. في هذه الأثناء كان بقية الجيش الإسلامي يهبط الوادي، ولا يدري بما جرى مع بنو سليم، فعمّت الفوضى واضطرب نظام الجيش، استغل قائد هوازن المشهد وأمر بالهجوم العام، فعمّت الهزيمة جيش المسلمين وتفرق شملهم، وهرب بعضهم ولم يتوقف حتى بلغ مكة. وشرعوا ينحدرون فيه، وهم لا يدرون بما كان قد دُبِّر لهم بليل. وبينما هم ينحطون على ذلك الوادي، إذا بالنبال تمطر عليهم من كل حدب وصوب، وإذا بكتائب العدو قد شدت عليهم شدة رجل واحد، فانهزم المسلمون راجعين، لا يلوي أحد على أحد، وكانت هزيمة منكرة لذلك الجمع الكبير وانحاز رسول اللّه صلى الله عليه وسلم ذات اليمين، وهو يقول: إلي يا عباد الله، أنــا النبي لا كذب، أنا ابن عبد المطلب، ولم يبق معه في موقفه إلا عدد قليل من المهاجرين والأنصار.
تأمين السلاح
كان النبي ﷺ بحاجة للسلاح فاستعان بـ صفوان بن أمية أحد كبار تجار السلاح في مكة وكان مشركًا، فقال صفوان: أغصب يا محمد؟ فقال: بل عارية مضمونة، فقبل صفوان بذلك ، وترك النبي ﷺ “عتاب بن أسيد” أحد سادة مكة الذين أسلموا حديثًا أميراً عليها أثناء غيابه.
العباس – عم النبي – ممن ثبت مع رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم في هذا اليوم
وقد روى العباس رضي الله عنه هذا الموقف العصيب، فقال: ( شهدت مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم حنين، فلزمت أنا و أبو سفيان بن الحارث بن عبد المطلب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فلم نفارقه، ورسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على بغلة له بيضاء، فلما التقى المسلمون والكفار، ولَّى المسلمون مدبرين، فطفق رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يركض بغلته قِبَلَ الكفار، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: أي عباس نادِ أصحاب السَّمُرَة - أي: أصحاب بيعة العقبة - فقال عباس : أين أصحاب السمرة ؟ قال: فوالله لكأَن عَطْفَتَهم حين سمعوا صوتي، عَطْفة البقر على أولادها - أي: أجابوا مسرعين - فقالوا: يا لبيك يا لبيك، قال: فاقتتلوا والكفار...فنظر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو على بغلته كالمتطاول عليها إلى قتالهم، فقال: حمي الوطيس ، قال: ثم أخذ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حصيات، فرمى بهن وجوه الكفار، ثم قال: انهزموا ورب محمد ، قال: فذهبت أنظر، فوالله ما هو إلا أن رماهم بحصياته، فما زلت أرى حدهم كليلاً، وأمرهم مدبرًا - يعني قوتهم ضعيفة، وأمرهم في تراجع وهزيمة -هذه رواية مسلم في "صحيحه"
بدء الحصار والمناوشات
تحصن أهل الطائف ووصل إليهم رسول الله ﷺ فحاصرها، وأرسل يزيد بن زمعة رسولًا يفاوضهم، فطلب الأمان زيادة في الحرص فأعطوه الأمان ثم لما تماكنوا منه قتلوه، فغضب رسول الله ﷺ لذلك وعرف أنهم عازمون على القتال، ثم خرج رجل منهم هو أخ للشاعر الشهير “أمية بن ابي الصلت” يستكشف المحيط، فأسره أخ ليزيد اسمه يعقوب بن زمعة وجاء به إلى النبي ﷺ فأسلمه إليه فقتله بأخيه. ثم حاولت مجموعة من أبطال المسلمين اقتحام الحصن، فردهم أهله بالنبال وأصابتهم الجراح فاضطروا للرجوع
فأمر النبي ﷺ بعدة أمور عسكرية، منها
أ - زرع الحسك -حديد مدبب- حول الطائف باستثناء جهة المسلمين
ب - قطع الأشجار في البساتين التي حول الطائف
كان زعيم الطائف “عروة بن مسعود الثقفي” قد ذهب إلى الأردن يجمع السلاح لحرب المسلمين، وقائد هوازن مالك بن عوف متحصن في “ألية”، فصار زعيم الطائف “عبد ياليل” الذي آذى النبي ﷺ عندما جاء الطائف داعيًا إلى الإسلام، فاستعطف النبي ﷺ طالبًا منه التوقف عن قطع الأشجار فقبل ذلك.
وقد فرَّ مالك بن عوف ومن معه من رجالات قومه
والتجؤوا إلى الطائف، وتحصنوا بها، وقد تركوا وراءهم مغانم كثيرة، وأعيد ترتيب الجيش من جديد، وكرّ المسلمون على عدوهم يدا واحدة، فانتكث فتل المشركين، وتفرّقوا في كل وجه لا يلوون على شيء من الأموال والنساء والذراري، وانقسموا إلى قسمين:
القسم الأول: بقيادة مالك بن عوف
أخذ جماعته وتحصن في قلعة الطائف
والقسم الثاني: كان فيه
أهله وعياله وماله ومتاعه هرب واختبأ في أوطاس.
مواقف من الغزوة
١- موقف أم سليم
عن أنس رضي الله عنه، أن أم سليم رضي الله عنها اتخذت يوم حنين خنجرًا، فكان معها فرآها أبو طلحة ، فقال: يا رسول الله هذه أم سليم ، معها خنجر، فقال لها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: ما هذا الخنجر ؟ قالت: اتخذته، إن دنا مني أحد من المشركين بقرت به بطنه، فجعل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يضحك، قالت: يا رسول الله اقتل من بعدنا من الطلقاء، انهزموا بك، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: ( يا أم سليم إن الله قد كفى وأحسن )
3- ويدل موقف أم سليم في هذه المعركة على
مدى حرص الصحابيات رضي الله عنهن على مشاركتهم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في دعوته، وتبليغ رسالته، ومواجهة أعدائه
4- لم يكن الهدف من مشروعية تلك الغزوات تحقيق أهداف اقتصادية، ولا تحصيل مكاسب سياسية، والدليل
موقفه صلى الله عليه وسلم من مالك بن عوف – سيد هوازن - فقد سأل صلى الله عليه وسلم أصحابه عن مالكٍ، فقالوا: إنه بالطائف مع قبيلة ثقيف، فقال لهم: أخبروه، أنه إن أتى مسلمًا رددت عليه أهله وماله، وأعطيته مئة من الإبل، فأُخبر مالك بذلك، فجاء يلحق برسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حتى أدركه، فرد عليه أهله وماله، وأعطاه مئة من الأبل، وأسلم فحسن إسلامه. والخبر ذكره ابن إسحاق .
5- لأخذ بالأسباب سنة ماضية ولا تنافي حقيقة القدر
قال ابن القيم: أن من تمام التوكل استعمال الأسباب التي نصبها الله لمسبباتها قدرا وشرعا
6- حلم النبي ﷺ على جفاء الأعراب
يقول ابن مسعود رضي الله عنه: .. فلما كان يوم حنين آثر رسول الله ﷺ ناساً في القسمة .. فقال رجل: والله إن هذه القسمة ما عُدِل فيها، وما أُريد فيها وجه الله. قال: فقلت والله! لأخبرنَّ رسول الله ﷺ. قال: فأتيته فأخبرته بما قال، قال ابن مسعود: فتغير وجهه ﷺ -حتى كان كالصرف. ثم قال: “فمن يعدل إن لم يعدل الله ورسوله”. ثم قال: “يرحم الله موسى أوذي بأكثر من هذا فصبر
7-أهمية الدعاء
الدعاء ينفع مما نزل ومما لم ينزل وهذا يؤخذ من دعائه ﷺ في غزوة حنين، عندما توجه إلى ربه وقال: “اللهم نزل نصرك”، فاستجاب الله له ونصره على أعدائه
8- حكم عتق السبايا بالحيوان
وذلك عندما وجه النبي ﷺ الصحابة بإطلاق ما بأيديهم من سبايا هوزان بعد أن دخلوا في الإسلام وكان العدد كثيرا، أربعة آلاف، وقد أطلق النبي صلى الله تعالى عليه وسلم من في يده وبني عبد المطلب من السبايا، وعرض على المؤمنين أن يفعل ما فعلوا، فرضى باتباعه المهاجرون الأولون والأنصار، وامتنع آخرون لذلك طلب النبي صلى الله تعالى عليه وسلم من الممتنعين إطلاق سراح النساء والأبناء على أن يكون لكل رقبة من السبايا ستة نوق مما يجيء في المستقبل من غنائم، فرضوا جميعا إلا عيينة بن حصن
علم نفس: قد يؤدي التباهي بنقاط القوة إلى الفشل للأسباب التالية:
إخفاء نقاط الضعف
غالبًا ما يتباهى الأشخاص بنقاط قوتهم لإخفاء نقاط ضعفهم أو سعيًا وراء تأييد الآخرين. وهذا قد يؤدي إلى نقص الوعي الذاتي والتركيز على التقدير الخارجي بدلًا من النمو الداخلي.
صرف الانتباه عن تطوير الذات
قد يصرف التباهي المستمر الأفراد عن نموهم وتطورهم الشخصي. فبدلًا من التركيز على تطوير الذات، قد يعطون الأولوية للتقدير الخارجي على حساب التطور الداخلي.
الانطباع السلبي
قد يؤدي التباهي المفرط إلى انطباع سلبي عن الفرد، مما يجعله يبدو متغطرسًا أو نرجسيًا. وهذا قد ينفر الآخرين ويخلق استياءً، مما يزيد من تدهور العلاقات.
من الضروري تحقيق التوازن بين التباهي والوعي الذاتي الحقيقي، والسعي الدؤوب لتحسين الذات، والتعاطف لتجنب الوقوع في فخ المبالغة في التباهي.
الشاهد
1- بعد فتح مكة أصبح اسم المسلمون رنان في كل مكان بالفتوحات والإنتصارات والقدرة والسيطرة ، فأراد الله تعالي أن يرد النصر لنفسه، ينصر من يشاء سبحانه ويخزل من يشاء ، لذا ليس بالقوة ولا القدرة بل بالتوفيق، وأول ما يقضي علي المرء اجتهاده.
2- أخلاق الحرب تختلف عن أخلاق الدعوة ومع ذلك هناك دائماً استثناءات، فهذا رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم يرفض في الحروب أن تقطع الأشجار ولكنه أمر بقطعها في حنين، ولكن لإستثناء بسيط هو أن القوم قتلوا مبعوثه إليهم فاستشعر الغدر منهم، فكان لابد من تأديبهم وقتل رسولهم إليه أيضاً
3- كان من السبي اخته من الرضاعة (الشيماء) ففداها، وأيضاً "سراقة بن مالك" الذي أمنه رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم علي حياته وأن سيدنا جبريل لا يؤذيه وقت كان يطاردهم في الهجرة ، فأخرجه رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم من الأسر وكانت هذه أول بشائر وعد رسول الله له، حيث أن سيدنا عمر بن الخطاب بعد ذلك سأل عليه عندما وصل لسواري قيصر وكسري وهذا الوعد الثاني لرسول الله .
4 - في غزوة من الغزوات عُزل سيدنا خالد بن الوليد من قيادة الجيش وأرجعه سيدنا عمر بن الخطاب لآخر الجيش، فسأله الصحابة: بسبب شيء خطأ فعله، فقال فيما معناه: لا يوجد لديه أخطاء بل بالبعكس، ولكن السبب في عزله: أن لا يربط المسلمين اسم الإنتصار بخالد ، فإذا مات أو قتل إذن لا نصر، فأراد أن يعزله ليكون للمسلمين عقيدة سليمة في الله تعالي، في حنين، الله تعالي وبنفسه فعل ذلك بالمسلمين، فهم اليوم 12 ألف وتباهو بجملة (لن نغلب من قلة) فكان الفشل حليفهم أول الأمر إلي أن رجعوا لرشدهم.
The Number of Muslims who participated in the Battle
12,000: Twelve thousand; ten thousand from Medina and two thousand from Mecca
The Number of polytheists
Four thousand brave warriors
Between the Muslims and whom?
Between the Muslims and the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif
The Time
The seventh of Shawwal, in the eighth year after the Hijra of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him)
The Location
It took place in the valley of Hunayn, a valley near Dhu al-Majaz, approximately twenty-seven kilometers from Mecca, on the side of Arafat
How many Muslims stood firm during the initial defeat at Hunayn?
One hundred Companions out of twelve thousand Muslims, though scholars differ on the exact number.
The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) stood firm, accompanied by a small group including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Al-Abbas and his son Al-Fadl, Abu Sufyan ibn Al-Harith ibn Abd Al-Muttalib (his cousin), Usama ibn Zayd, Rabi'a and Al-Harith ibn Abd Al-Muttalib, Utbah and Mu'attib (the sons of Abu Lahab), and Ayman ibn Umm Ayman. There is disagreement regarding the number of those who stood firm with the Messenger of God.
Was any verse of the Quran revealed because of the battle?
Yes, some of the Companions were impressed by their large numbers. Some of them said, "By God, today we will fight, and we will not be defeated today because of our small numbers." And some recited: “If we were to meet the Banu Shayban, we would not care, nor would anyone defeat us today because of our small numbers.”
Then God Almighty revealed
“God has already given you victory in many battles, and on the day of Hunayn, when your great numbers pleased you, but they availed you nothing, and the earth, vast as it is, became constricted for you, and you turned back in retreat.” [At-Tawbah: 25]
The Reason for the raid
As Ibn al-Qayyim said, the conquest of Mecca was "the greatest conquest by which God honored His religion, His Messenger, His army, and His faithful party, and rescued His city and His House, which He made a guidance for all mankind, from the hands of the disbelievers and polytheists. It was the conquest that the inhabitants of heaven rejoiced at...and through which people entered the religion of God in multitudes, and the face of the earth shone with light and joy." This great conquest provoked a contrary reaction from the large Arab tribes near Mecca, most notably the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes. The leaders of these tribes gathered and entrusted their leadership to Malik ibn Awf, the chief of Hawazin. They resolved to march against the Muslims before their victory was firmly established and the vanguard of their conquest had spread. The Hawazin and Thaqif tribes, whose borders were adjacent to Mecca, reasoned that if they defeated the Muslims, they would regain the orchards and properties of the people of Mecca in Ta'if. So they marched towards Mecca with four thousand brave warriors.
The Events of the Battle
The Foolishness of Malik ibn Ashja’s Opinion: He Led His Entire Possession into War Against the Muslims
Malik ibn Awf was a brave and courageous man, but his judgment was flawed and his counsel poor. He led his entire tribe—men, women, children, and their wealth—into battle, so that every man would feel his riches and wives behind him and not flee. Duraid ibn al-Simmah, a seasoned and experienced knight, honed by years and hardened by events, challenged him on this course of action, saying, “What can stop a defeated man? If victory is yours, only a man with his sword and spear will help you. But if defeat is yours, you will be disgraced among your family and lose your wealth.” Malik dismissed his advice, stubbornly persisted in his plan, and nothing could deter him.
The news of Malik's intentions reached the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
So, he began preparing his army and getting ready to face this situation. Malik ibn Awf had already taken the initiative and headed towards Hunayn. He led his army through the narrow passes of that valley at night, dispersing his followers along the roads and entrances. He ordered them to shower the Muslims with stones at their first appearance, then to attack them as one man.
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had already assembled his army at dawn.
He had the banners and flags raised and distributed among the people. Before the break of dawn that day, the Muslims entered the valley of Hunayn. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had prepared the army throughout the night. After dawn, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead a detachment from Banu Sulaym down to the valley to secure the area for the rest of the army. As soon as this detachment descended, the ambushes laid by Hawazin appeared. Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) was wounded and fell, and the Banu Sulaym, who had recently embraced Islam, began to flee. Meanwhile, the rest of the Muslim army was descending the valley, unaware of what had transpired with the Banu Sulaym. Chaos ensued, and the army's order was thrown into disarray. The Hawazin commander seized the opportunity and ordered a general attack. The Muslim army was routed and scattered; some fled, not stopping until they reached Mecca. They began their descent, oblivious to the plot hatched against them in the night. As they descended the valley, arrows rained down upon them from every direction, and the enemy battalions charged them as one. The Muslims fled in disarray, each man for the other. It was a crushing defeat for that large force. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, withdrew to the right, calling out, "Come to me, O servants of God! I am the Prophet; there is no falsehood in this! I am the son of Abdul-Muttalib!" Only a small number of the Muhajireen and Ansar remained with him in his position.
Securing Weapons
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) needed weapons, so he sought the help of Safwan ibn Umayya, one of the leading arms dealers in Mecca, who was a polytheist at the time. Safwan asked, "Is this a loan, Muhammad?" The Prophet replied, "No, it's a guaranteed loan." Safwan agreed, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) left Attab ibn Asid, one of the prominent figures of Mecca who had recently converted to Islam, as its governor during his absence.
Al-Abbas – the Prophet’s uncle – was among those who stood firm with the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, on that day
Al-Abbas, may God be pleased with him, narrated this difficult situation, saying: “I was with the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, on the day of Hunayn. Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib and I stayed close to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and we did not leave him. The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, was riding his white mule. When the Muslims and the disbelievers met, the Muslims turned and fled. The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, began to urge his mule towards the disbelievers. The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: ‘O Abbas, call out to the Companions of the Tree – meaning the Companions of the Pledge of Aqaba.’ Abbas said: ‘Where are the Companions of the Tree?’ He said: ‘By God, their response when they heard my voice was like the response of cows to their calves – meaning they answered quickly – and they said: ‘At your service! At your service!’ He said: ‘Then they fought the disbelievers…’ The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, while on his mule, looked as if he were leaning over it to watch them fight.” He said, "The battle raged fiercely." He said, "Then the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, took some pebbles and threw them at the faces of the disbelievers. Then he said, 'They are defeated, by the Lord of Muhammad!'" He said, "So I went to look, and by God, no sooner had he thrown his pebbles at them than I saw their strength waning and their affairs in disarray"—meaning their power was weak and their affairs were in retreat and defeat. This is the narration of Muslim in his Sahih.
The Beginning of the Siege and Skirmishes
The people of Ta'if fortified themselves, and the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, reached them and besieged them. He sent Yazid ibn Zam'ah as a messenger to negotiate with them. He asked for safe passage out of eagerness, and they granted it. But when they had him in their grasp, they killed him. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, was angered by this and knew that they were determined to fight. Then a man from among them, the brother of the famous poet Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, went out to scout the surrounding area. He was captured by a brother of Yazid named Ya'qub ibn Zam'ah, who brought him to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who handed him over and executed him in revenge for his brother. Then a group of Muslim heroes attempted to storm the city. The fortress was attacked by its inhabitants, who repelled them with arrows, inflicting wounds and forcing them to retreat.
The Beginning of the Siege and Skirmishes
The people of Ta'if fortified themselves, and the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) reached them and besieged them. He sent Yazid ibn Zam'ah as a messenger to negotiate with them. Yazid, out of excessive eagerness, requested safe passage, which they granted. However, when they had him in their grasp, they killed him. The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) was angered by this and realized that they were determined to fight. Then, a man from among them, the brother of the famous poet Umayyah ibn Abi al-Salt, went out to scout the surrounding area. He was captured by Yazid's brother, Ya'qub ibn Zam'ah, who brought him to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) handed him over and executed him in retaliation for his brother. Then a group of Muslim warriors attempted to storm the fortress, but its inhabitants repelled them with arrows, inflicting wounds that forced them to retreat.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) then ordered several military measures, including:
A - Planting thorny bushes (pointed iron) around Ta'if, except on the Muslim side.
B - Cutting down the trees in the orchards surrounding Ta'if
The leader of Ta'if, 'Urwah ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi, had gone to Jordan to gather weapons to fight the Muslims, and the leader of Hawazin, Malik ibn 'Awf, was fortified in 'Aliyah. The leader of Ta'if was 'Abd Yalil, who had harmed the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) when he came to Ta'if calling people to Islam. He pleaded with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to stop cutting down the trees, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) agreed.
Malik ibn Awf and his men fled
They sought refuge in Ta'if and fortified themselves there, leaving behind much booty. The army was reorganized, and the Muslims charged their enemy as one. The polytheists' ranks broke, and they scattered in every direction, abandoning their wealth, women, and children. They split into two groups:
The first group, led by Malik ibn Awf,
took his men and fortified themselves in the citadel of Ta'if.
The second group, which included
his family, children, wealth, and possessions, fled and hid in Awṭās.
The Incidents from the Battle of Hunayn
1- The Incident of Umm Sulaym
On the authority of Anas (may Allah be pleased with him), Umm Sulaym (may Allah be pleased with her) took a dagger with her on the day of Hunayn. Abu Talha saw her and said: “O Messenger of Allah, this is Umm Sulaym, and she has a dagger with her.” The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) asked her: “What is this dagger for?” She said, “I took it. If any of the polytheists comes near me, I will rip open his stomach with it.” The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) laughed. She said, “O Messenger of Allah, kill those who were freed after us. They fled because of you.” The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “O Umm Sulaym, Allah has sufficed and done well.”
2- The Stance on the Distribution of Spoils
What Ibn Ishaq narrated on the authority of Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him), who said: When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave what he gave of those gifts to the Quraysh and the Arab tribes, and nothing was given to the Ansar, this group of the Ansar felt resentment, until talk spread among them—meaning much discussion among the people—until one of them said, “By Allah, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) has favored his own people!” Sa’d ibn ‘Ubadah entered upon him and said, “O Messenger of Allah, this group of the Ansar are resentful of what you did with this booty that you acquired. You divided it among your people and gave to…” He gave great gifts to the Arab tribes, but none of the Ansar were in this neighborhood. He said, “So where do you stand in all of this, Sa’d?” He said, “O Messenger of God, I am but one of my people.” He said, “Then gather your people for me in this enclosure.” So Sa’d went out and gathered the Ansar in that enclosure, and some men from the Muhajireen came, but he let them in. Others came and he turned them away. When they had gathered, Sa`d came to him and said: “This group of Ansar has gathered for you.” So the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, came to them, praised God and glorified Him, then said: “O group of Ansar, what is this talk that has reached me about you, and what resentment do you find against me in your hearts? Did I not come to you astray and God guided you? And poor and God enriched you? And enemies and God united your hearts?” They said: “Yes, God and His Messenger are the Most Generous and the Most Bountiful.” Then he said: “Will you not answer me, O group of Ansar?” They said: “How can we answer you, O Messenger of God? To God and His Messenger belongs all favor and bounty.” He said: “By God, if you wished, you could have said, and you would have been truthful and believed: You came to us rejected and we believed you, forsaken and we supported you, an outcast and we sheltered you, needy and we provided for you.” O Ansar, do you find in your hearts a trifle of worldly gain in me—meaning something insignificant—with which I have won over some people to Islam, while I have entrusted you to your own faith? Are you not content, O Ansar, that the people go away with sheep and camels, while you return with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) to your homes? By Him in Whose Hand is the soul of Muhammad, were it not for the Hijrah, I would have been one of the Ansar. If the people were to take one path and the Ansar another, I would take the path of the Ansar. You will face favoritism after me, so be patient until you meet me at the Cistern. O Allah, have mercy on the Ansar, the sons of the Ansar, and the sons of the sons of the Ansar. Then the people wept until their beards were wet, and they said: We are content with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) as our portion and lot. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) departed, and the gathering dispersed.
General Lessons Learned from the Battle of Hunayn
1- A large army is of no use
It is of no benefit on the battlefield if it is not armed with the weapon of faith and belief, and if it has not adopted the means and principles of victory. Victory, defeat, and the outcomes of battles...
2- The leader of the Muslims has the freedom to act in accordance with the circumstances.
Among the lessons learned from this battle, and the wisdom drawn from it, is the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) policy in dividing and distributing the spoils of war. In this battle, he gave a larger share of the spoils to those who had embraced Islam during the Conquest of Mecca, without adhering to the principle of equality among the fighters. This demonstrates that the leader of the Muslims has the authority to act in a way that he deems most appropriate and beneficial to the nation, both religiously and worldly.
3- Umm Sulaym's stance in this battle demonstrates
The extent to which the female Companions (may God be pleased with them) were eager to participate with the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) in his mission, conveying his message and confronting his enemies.
4- The legitimacy of these expeditions was not aimed at achieving economic goals or gaining political advantages. The proof is:
His (peace and blessings be upon him) stance towards Malik ibn Awf – the chief of Hawazin. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked his Companions about Malik, and they said: He is in Ta'if with the tribe of Thaqif. He told them: Tell him that if he comes as a Muslim, I will return his family and possessions to him and give him one hundred camels. Malik was informed of this, so he came to join the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) until he caught up with him. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) returned his family and possessions to him and gave him one hundred camels. Malik embraced Islam and his Islam was exemplary. This account was narrated by Ibn Ishaq.
5- Taking the necessary steps is a well-established practice and does not contradict the reality of divine decree
Ibn al-Qayyim said: Part of complete reliance on God is utilizing the means that God has ordained for their effects, both by divine decree and by divine law.
6- The Prophet's ﷺ forbearance towards the Bedouin's rudeness
Ibn Mas'ud (may God be pleased with him) said: ...On the day of Hunayn, the Messenger of God ﷺ favored some people in the distribution of spoils... A man said: "By God, this distribution is unjust, and God's pleasure was not sought in it." He said: "I said, 'By God! I will inform the Messenger of God ﷺ.'" He said: "So I went to him and told him what he had said." Ibn Mas'ud said: "His face ﷺ changed—it was as if it had turned pale. Then he said: 'Who will be just if God and His Messenger are not just?'" Then he said: “May God have mercy on Moses, who was harmed even more than this, yet he persevered.”
7- The Importance of Supplication
Supplication is beneficial for what has befallen and what has not yet befallen. This is derived from the Prophet’s supplication (peace and blessings be upon him) during the Battle of Hunayn, when he turned to his Lord and said: “O God, send down Your victory.” God answered him and granted him victory over his enemies.
8- The Ruling on Freeing Captives in Exchange for Animals
This occurred when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) instructed the Companions to release the captives from the Hawazin tribe who had entered Islam. The number was large, four thousand. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) released those in his possession, including the captives from the Banu Abd al-Muttalib. He then offered the believers the option of doing the same. The early Muhajirun and Ansar agreed to follow his example, while others refused. Therefore, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked those who refused to release the women and children, on the condition that each captive would receive six camels from future spoils of war. All agreed except for Uyaynah ibn His.
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