فتح مكة The Conquest of Mecca
أحداث الغزوة
الوضع السياسيّ والعسكري للمسلمين قبل فتح مكة
كانت قريش على علم بمكانة الرسول صلي الله عليه وسلم بعد صلح الحديبية، وأنّ قوة المسلمين ازدادت وصار لهم جيش قوي مُدرَّب، وهم الذين خرجوا إلى قتال الرومان في مؤتة، وكانت عندهم ثقة عالية، علاوة على أنّ الوضع السياسي للمسلمين صار قويّاً؛ فقد دخل أهل اليمن والبحرين في الإسلام، كما أنّ علاقاتهم مع الحبشة ومصر ازدادت قوة، وبذلك ارتفع شأن المسلمين في الجزيرة العربية، في حين كان وضع قريش العسكري والسياسي ضعيفاً مع فُقدانها لأهمّ فرسانها الذين تحوّلوا إلى معسكر الإسلام، كخالد بن الوليد، وعمرو بن العاص، وعثمان بن طلحة، وهم بذلك زادوا المسلمين قوة إلى قوّتهم.
لقد سبق فتح مكة ودخول النبي ﷺ إليها حرب نفسية ومتعددة الأدوات، ومنها:
أ – أنه أمر كل جندي في الجيش أن يوقد نارا ضخمة، فأوقد من النار عشرة آلاف حول مكة طوال الليل وهو ما أدخل الرعب في قلوبهم، وشتت أي عزيمة في المقاومة وحرمتهم النوم بالليل خوفا من المداهمة، فأضعفت استعدادهم لمواجهة المسلمين في الصباح.
ب – أنه فتح باب الرحمة والعفو لقريش قبل أن يبدأ في دخولها مستحضرا في ذلك عظمة البيت الحرام، فإذا فعل المنتصر ذلك فإن المقاومة تنهار.. تروي كتب السيرة أن النبي ﷺ علم أن “سعد بن عبادة” وهو أحد قادة الجيش قال: “اليوم يوم الملحمة، اليوم تُستحل الحرمة”، فأمر النبي ﷺ أن يُعزل من قيادة الفيلق ويتولى ابنه “قيس بن سعد.
ج – كانت خطة المسلمين أن يدخلوا مكة من جهاتها الأربع في وقت واحد، وهو ما يشتت أي احتمالات لمقاومة مكية، ويهدم معنويات الخصم ويدخل اليأس إلى نفسه من جدوى المقاومة التي تعد انتحارا لا طائل من ورائه.
كانت البداية الحقيقية لفتح مكة بعد غزوة الخندق عندما أعلن النبي ﷺ
عبارته الشهيرة “الآن نغزوهم ولا يغزوننا.
بماذا أخبر النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم أصحابه قبل الغزو
أخبر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال: لكأنكم بأبي سفيان قد جاء يقول : جدد العهد وزد في الهدنة ، وهو راجع بسخطه فكان كما قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم. وأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أصحابه بالجد والتجهيز للغزو
التجهُّز والسرّية
أمر الرسول -صلّى الله عليه وسلّم- الناس بالتجهُّز دون أن يخبرهم بالوجهة، وأمر الرسول السيدة عائشة أن تُجهّزه، ولمّا رآها أبو بكر سألها عن وجهة النبيّ فصمتت، ثمّ سأل النبي، فقال أبو بكر: (يا رسولَ اللهِ ألم يكنْ بينك وبينهم مدةٌ قال: ألم يبلغْكَ ما صنعوا ببني كعبٍ؟)، وأرسل إلى أهل البادية يأمرهم بالتجهُّز، وقد وافاه بعضهم في المدينة، وبعضهم لحقه في الطريق، ومن القبائل التي حضرت إلى المدينة: أسلم، وغفار، وجهينة، وأشجع، أمّا بنو سليم فقد لحقوا النبيّ في الطريق، وبعد ذلك أخبرهم النبي بوجهته إلى مكّة وأمرهم بالتجهُّز، فسار إلى مكّة مُخفياً ذلك؛ ليفاجئهم، ووضع الرجال على أنقاب مكة؛ وهي الطرق بين الجبال، آمراً إيّاهم برَدّ من أراد دخولها من الناس المجهولين، وحتى يزيد في إخفاء الأمر عن قريش أمر بإرسال سريّة إلى بطن إضم؛ حتى يظنّ الناس أنّ تلك المنطقة هي وجهته، وعيّن عليهم أبا قتادة
خيانة حاطب بن أبي بلتعة
وكتب حاطب بن أبي بلتعة كتابا وأرسله مع امرأة إلى قريش يخبرهم بمسير النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إليهم حتى يكون له يد عند قريش فلا يعدوا على أهله وولده إذ ليس فيها من يمنعهم من قر، وقد أخبر الله سبحانه نبيه بما صنع حاطب فأرسل في طلب المرأة والكتاب، وبعثها مع امرأة بأجرة، وجعلت الكتاب في رأسها مربوطاً بضفائرها، إلّا أنّ الوحي أخبر النبيّ عن ذلك، فبعث عليّاً والزبير بن العوّام ليحضرا الرسالة، ولحقا بالمرأة، واستخرجا منها الكتاب، وأحضروه إلى الرسول- صلى الله عليه وسلم-، فاستدعى الرسول حاطباً وعاتبه سائلاً إيّاه عن سبب فِعله، فأجابه بأنّه يريد أن تكون له يد عند أهل مكّة، فطلب عمر بن الخطاب أن يقتل حاطباً؛ لأنّه خان الله ورسوله، فقال رسول الله-صلّى الله عليه وسلّم-: (أوَليسَ مِن أهْلِ بَدْرٍ، وما يُدْرِيكَ، لَعَلَّ اللَّهَ اطَّلَعَ عليهم فقالَ: اعْمَلُوا ما شِئْتُمْ، فقَدْ أوْجَبْتُ لَكُمُ الجَنَّةَ فاغْرَوْرَقَتْ عَيْناهُ، فقالَ: اللَّهُ ورَسولُهُ أعْلَمُ
فخرج النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم متوجها إلى مكة
معه المهاجرون والأنصار وطوائف من العرب وقادوا الخيل وامتطوا الإبل وقدم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أمامه الزبير بن العوام في مائتين من المسلمين، ولما بلغ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قديدا عقد الألوية والرايات ودفعها إلى القبائل، وجاءه أبو سفيان بن الحارث وعبد الله بن أبي أمية بن المغيرة فأسلما.
فانطلق أبو سفيان بعد اسلامه أمام رسول الله ينادي في أهل مكّة مُحذِّراً لهم
بأنّه لا طاقة لهم بالجيش القادم مع رسول الله، وسار رسول الله حتى وصل إلى ذي طوى، وفيها قسَّم الجيش؛ فوضع خالد بن الوليد على المجنبة اليُمنى، وأمره بالدخول إلى مكة هو ومن معه من أسفل مكّة إلى أن يلاقوه عند الصفا، ووضع الزبير على المجنبة اليُسرى، وأمره حينما يصل إلى الحجون أن يغرس رايته ويبقى فيها، وقد دخلت كتائب المسلمين كلٌّ من وجهتها التي حدّدها رسول الله؛ فدخل خالد مكّة وحصل قتال بالخندمة قُتِل فيه بعض المشركين، واستُشهِد فيها عدد من الصحابة إلى أن التقوا مع النبيّ عند الصفا، وغرس الزبير لواء رسول الله في الحجون عند مسجد الفتح مُنتظراً إلى أن وصل إليه رسول الله، وكان ذلك يوم الثلاثاء، في السابع عشرمن شهر رمضان.
ولما بلغ النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مكان يدعي ( الكديد )
، وظلّ الجيش يسير إلى أن وصل إلى منطقة فيها عين ماء تُسمّى (الكديد)، أفطر عندها الرسول والصحابة؛ لأنّهم كانوا صياماً، وأكمل الجيش سيره إلى أن نزلوا بوادي فاطمة عشاءً، وأوقدوا النيران، وعيّن الرسول عمر بن الخطّاب على الحرس.
أمان رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم في هذا اليوم كان للفئات التالية
من دخل بيته أو المسجد أو بيت أبي سفيان فهو آمن
إلا بعض نفر منهم عبد العزى بن خطل، وعبد الله بن سعد بن أبي السرح، والحويرث بن نقيذ وغيرهم إلا أن ابن أبي السرح أمنه عثمان رضي الله عنه وكان أخوه في الرضاعة وكان قد ارتد ثم أسلم وحسن إسلامه رضي الله عنه، وقتل جاريتين لابن خطل أيضا.
ودخل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مكة فاتحا وكان لواؤه أبيض ورايته العقاب سوداء
وأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يكفوا أيديهم وألا يقتلوا إلا من قاتلهم.
ونزل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في قبة بالحجون ضربت له
واغتسل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم الفتح وصلى صلاة الفتح ثماني ركعات.
دخول مكّة
هو الطواف به، وتحطيم الأصنام
فاجتمعت قريش عند البيت
ووقف النبيّ يسألهم: (يا معشرَ قريشٍ ما ترَونَ أنِّي فاعلٌ بكم ؟ قالوا : خيرًا، أخٌ كريمٌ، وابنُ أخٍ كريمٍ، فقال : اذهبوا فأنتم الطُّلَقاءُ) وجاءت بعدها خطبة النبي في الناس في الغداة، حيث ابتدأها بالحمد والثناء، ثمّ قال: (إنَّ مَكَّةَ حَرَّمَهَا اللَّهُ ولَمْ يُحَرِّمْهَا النَّاسُ، فلا يَحِلُّ لِامْرِئٍ يُؤْمِنُ باللَّهِ واليَومِ الآخِرِ أنْ يَسْفِكَ بهَا دَمًا، ولَا يَعْضُدَ بهَا شَجَرَةً، فإنْ أحَدٌ تَرَخَّصَ لِقِتَالِ رَسولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّمَ، فَقُولوا له: إنَّ اللَّهَ أذِنَ لِرَسولِهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّمَ، ولَمْ يَأْذَنْ لَكُمْ، وإنَّما أذِنَ لي سَاعَةً مِن نَهَارٍ، وقدْ عَادَتْ حُرْمَتُهَا اليومَ كَحُرْمَتِهَا بالأمْسِ، ولْيُبَلِّغِ الشَّاهِدُ الغَائِبَ)
وبعد أن طهّر الرسول البيت من الصُّوَر التي كانوا ينسبونها إلى إبراهيم وإسماعيل عليهما السلام -
وأزال الأزلام، ثمّ صعد بلال بن رباح مُعتلِياً الكعبة يُؤذّن بالناس، بدأ الناس يُبايعون رسول الله على الإسلام.
خُطبة فتح مكة وإعطاء مفتاح الكعبة لعثمان بن طلحة
قال صلى الله عليه وسلم: يا معشر قريش ماذا تقولون ؟ ماذا تظنون ؟ " قالوا : نقول خيرا ونظن خيرا ، نبي كريم ، وأخ كريم ، وابن أخ كريم ، وقد قدرت . فقال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - «فإني أقول كما قال أخي يوسف : لا تثريب عليكم اليوم يغفر الله لكم وهو أرحم الراحمين «اذهبوا فأنتم الطلقاء" فخرجوا كأنما نشروا من القبور فدخلوا في الإسلام. وجاء النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بمفتاح الكعبة ورده على عثمان بن طلحة وقال: «خذوها خالدة تالدة لا ينزعها منكم إلا ظالموقد أمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بتكسير الأصنام حول الكعبة وبايع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الناس والنساء على الإسلام، وقام بلال فارتقى فوق الكعبة فأذن بالصلاة.
وبث النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم سراياه وفرقها لتحطيم الأصنام حول الكعبة
ووضع الهجرة، فعن ابن عباس - رضي الله عنهما - قال : قال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - يوم الفتح فتح مكة : «لا هجرة بعد الفتح ، ولكن جهاد ونية وإذا استنفرتم فانفروا" وقد تخوفت الأنصار أن يبقى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بمكة فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لهم مطمئنا: المحيا محياكم والممات مماتكم
من سُموّ أخلاق النبيّ في فتح مكّة
1- صفحه عن حاطب بن أبي بلتعة، وصفح عن أهل قريش
2- تواضُعه حينما دخل مكّة؛ حيث كان حانيَ الرأس متواضعاً لله لما رأى النصر العظيم، حتى أنّ لحيته كادت أن تصل إلى ظهر دابّته التي يركبها
من نتائج الغزوة
1- إسلام كل من
The Number of participating Muslims
200, including Muhajireen, Ansar, and various Arab groups
In the year
The 20th of Ramadan, 8 AH.
The Reasons for the Conquest of Mecca
The Quraysh's Violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
After te Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) made a covenant with the Quraysh in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, guaranteeing the freedom of individuals and groups to align themselves with their chosen side and embrace its religion and beliefs, whoever wished to join the Prophet's alliance (peace and blessings be upon him) was free to do so, and whoever wished to join the Quraysh's alliance was also free to do so. Furthermore, any attack on any tribe allied with one side was considered an attack on that side. Thus, Banu Bakr sided with the Quraysh, and Banu Khuza'ah sided with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). This peace established security between the two tribes, who had been at war during the pre-Islamic era. However, it did not last long. Banu Bakr fought Khuza'ah, killing them until they forced them into the sanctuary (Masjid al-Haram) and killed them there. The Quraysh secretly aided Banu Bakr with weapons and men. Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) appealing to him for support based on their alliance and their shared Islam. He mentioned what Banu Bakr and Quraysh had done to them. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “You have been given victory, O Amr ibn Salim!” No sooner had he left than a cloud passed overhead and thundered. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “This cloud heralds the victory of Banu Ka’b.” Following this, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent word to Quraysh, giving them three options:
A) Either they return the slain men of Khuza’ah
B) Or they renounce their alliance with Banu Nufatha
C) Or the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) will renounce his treaties with them on equal terms.
This means renounce their treaties with them, i.e., discard them and disregard them. “On equal terms” means renounce them while acting justly, without surprising them with fighting. Rather, inform them of it, as they are equal in knowledge or in enmity.
Since the Quraysh chose to break the covenant and wage war, the Messenger ascertained their position and confirmed it, so the Quraysh were absolved of any obligation to the Messenger of God. However, they regretted it afterward and realized their mistake, so they wanted to correct their position and reaffirm the covenant, so they sent Abu Sufyan to the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace -; To renew the covenant, the Messenger of God, upon learning of this, said, "It is as if Abu Sufyan has come to extend the covenant and prolong its duration." When he arrived in Medina, he tried to persuade the Messenger of God but received no response. He then went to Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, and Fatima, but none of them responded. So, he returned to Mecca without making a covenant with the Messenger.
Further details about the reasons for the raid
In the eighth year of the Hijra, specifically in the month of Sha'ban, Banu Bakr conspired with the Quraysh and plotted against Banu Khuza'a in Mecca, believing that news would not reach the Messenger in Medina due to his distance. They seized the opportunity presented by the Muslims' preoccupation with spreading the message and dispatching raiding parties. Banu Bakr, armed by the Quraysh, attacked Banu Khuza'a at night, killing twenty-three of them, mostly women, children, and the elderly, near the well of Al-Witr. The Khuza'a fled to the sanctuary, but Banu Bakr disregarded its sanctity and exploited the opportunity... They seized their opportunity and took their revenge. This attack was a violation of the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and a direct attack on the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and on the Muslims. So, the people of Khuza’ah then went to the house of Budayl ibn Warqa’ seeking refuge with him and taking protection from him. Meanwhile, Amr ibn Salim had gone to the Messenger in Medina to inform him of what had happened, reciting verses of poetry in which he described the situation that had happened to them in terms of killing and reminding him of the covenant with the Messenger of God. So, the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - replied to him: (You have been given victory, O Amr ibn Salim).
The Events of the Battle
The Political and Military Situation of the Muslims Before the Conquest of Mecca
The Quraysh were aware of the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) stature after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and that the Muslims' strength had increased, possessing a powerful and well-trained army. This was the same army that had fought the Romans at Mu'tah, and the Muslims had high confidence in it. Furthermore, the Muslims' political position had become strong; the people of Yemen and Bahrain had embraced Islam, and their relations with Abyssinia and Egypt had strengthened. Thus, the Muslims' standing in the Arabian Peninsula rose. Meanwhile, the Quraysh's military and political position was weak, having lost some of their most important warriors who had defected to the Muslim camp, such as Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr ibn al-As, and Uthman ibn Talhah. Their defection further strengthened the Muslims.
The conquest of Mecca and the Prophet's entry into it were preceded by a multifaceted psychological warfare campaign, including:
A – He ordered every soldier in the army to light a huge fire. Ten thousand fires were lit around Mecca throughout the night, which instilled terror in their hearts, shattered any resolve to resist, and deprived them of sleep for fear of a raid, thus weakening their readiness to confront the Muslims in the morning.
B. He opened the door of mercy and forgiveness to the Quraysh before entering Mecca, mindful of the sanctity of the Sacred House (the Kaaba). If the victor does this, resistance collapses. Biographical accounts relate that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) learned that Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, one of the army commanders, had said, "Today is the day of battle; today the sanctity of the Kaaba is violated." So the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered that Sa'd be relieved of his command and that his son, Qays ibn Sa'd, take over.
C. The Muslims' plan was to enter Mecca from all four sides simultaneously. This would disperse any potential Meccan resistance, shatter the enemy's morale, and instill despair in them regarding the futility of resistance, which would be tantamount to suicide.
The true beginning of the conquest of Mecca came after the Battle of the Trench when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) declared his famous statement:
“Now we will invade them, and they will not invade us.”
What did the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) tell his companions before the conquest?
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “It is as if Abu Sufyan has come saying: ‘Renew the treaty and extend the truce,’ and he will return in anger.” And it happened as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) had said. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) then commanded his companions to prepare diligently for the conquest.
The Preparation and Secrecy
The Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered the people to prepare without telling them the destination. He instructed Aisha to prepare him. When Abu Bakr saw her, he asked her about the Prophet’s destination, but she remained silent. Then he asked the Prophet, saying: “O Messenger of God, was there not a truce between you and them?” He replied: “Have you not heard what they did to the Banu Ka’b?” He sent word to the Bedouin tribes, ordering them to prepare. Some of them arrived in Medina, while others followed him. On the way, among the tribes that came to Medina were Aslam, Ghifar, Juhayna, and Ashja'. As for Banu Sulaym, they caught up with the Prophet on the road. After that, the Prophet informed them of his destination to Mecca and ordered them to prepare. He then proceeded to Mecca secretly to surprise them. He stationed men at the mountain passes of Mecca, ordering them to turn back any unknown people who tried to enter. To further conceal his intentions from the Quraysh, he ordered a detachment to be sent to the valley of Idham so that people would think that was his destination. He appointed Abu Qatada as their commander.
The Treachery of Hatib ibn Abi Balta’ah
Hatib ibn Abi Balta’ah wrote a letter and sent it with a woman to the Quraysh, informing them of the Prophet’s (peace and blessings be upon him) approach to them. His intention was to gain influence with the Quraysh so that they would not harm his family and children, as there was no one among them to protect them. God Almighty informed His Prophet of Hatib’s actions, so he sent for the woman and the letter. He sent her with another woman for a fee, and she placed the letter in her hair, tied with her braids. However, revelation informed the Prophet of this, so he sent Ali and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to retrieve the letter. They caught up with the woman, extracted the letter from her, and brought it to the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). The Messenger summoned Hatib and rebuked him, asking him the reason for his actions. Hatib replied that he wanted to gain influence with the people of Mecca. Umar ibn al-Khattab then ordered that Hatib be killed. Because he betrayed God and His Messenger, the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Was he not one of the people of Badr? And what makes you think that God did not look upon them and say: ‘Do as you please, for I have guaranteed Paradise for you’?” His eyes welled up with tears, and he said: “God and His Messenger know best.”
Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) set out for Mecca
With him were the Emigrants, the Helpers, and groups of Arabs. They led the horses and rode the camels. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) sent ahead of him with Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and two hundred Muslims. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) reached Qudayd, he arranged the banners and flags and gave them to the tribes. Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith and Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya ibn al-Mughirah came to him and embraced Islam.
Then Abu Sufyan set out after His conversion to Islam before the Messenger of God, as he called out to the people of Mecca, warning them:
That they were no match for the army coming with the Messenger of God. The Messenger of God marched until he reached Dhu Tuwa, where he divided the army. He placed Khalid ibn al-Walid on the right flank and ordered him and his men to enter Mecca from the lower part of the city until they met him at Safa. He placed Zubayr on the left flank and ordered him, upon reaching al-Hajun, to plant his banner and remain there. The Muslim battalions entered Mecca, each from the direction designated by the Messenger of God. Khalid entered Mecca, and a battle ensued at al-Khandama, in which some of the polytheists were killed, and a number of the Companions were martyred, until they met the Prophet at Safa. Zubayr planted the Messenger of God's banner at al-Hajun near the Mosque of the Conquest, waiting until the Messenger of God arrived. This occurred on Tuesday, the seventeenth of Ramadan.
After his conversion to Islam, Abu Sufyan went before the Messenger of God, calling out to the people of Mecca and warning them:
He told them they were no match for the army coming with the Messenger of God. The Messenger of God marched until he reached Dhu Tuwa, where he divided the army. He placed Khalid ibn al-Walid on the right flank and ordered him and his men to enter Mecca from the lower part of the city until they met him at Safa. He placed Zubayr on the left flank and ordered him, upon reaching al-Hajun, to plant his banner and remain there. The Muslim battalions entered Mecca from the directions designated by the Messenger of God. Khalid entered Mecca, and a battle ensued at al-Khandama, in which some of the polytheists were killed and a number of the Companions were martyred. They eventually met the Prophet at Safa. Zubayr planted the Messenger of God's banner at al-Hajun, near the Mosque of the Conquest, waiting until the Messenger of God arrived. This occurred on Tuesday, the seventeenth of Ramadan.
When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) reached a place called al-Kadid
the army continued marching until they reached a spring called al-Kadid. The Prophet and his companions broke their fast there, as they had been fasting. The army continued its journey until they camped in Wadi Fatimah for the evening meal. They lit fires, and the Prophet appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as the guard.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) granted amnesty on this day to the following groups:
Whoever entered his house, the mosque, or the house of Abu Sufyan was safe.
Except for a few, including Abd al-Uzza ibn Khatal, Abdullah ibn Saad ibn Abi Sarh, al-Huwayrith ibn Nuqaydh, and others. However, Uthman (may God be pleased with him) granted amnesty to Ibn Abi Sarh, who was his foster brother. Ibn Abi Sarh had apostatized, then embraced Islam and became a good Muslim (may God be pleased with him). He also killed two slave girls belonging to Ibn Khatal.
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) entered Mecca as a conqueror, his banner white and his flag black.
He commanded that they should refrain from fighting and not kill anyone except those who fought them.
He stayed in a tent in al-Hajun that had been pitched for him.
On the day of the conquest, he performed ablution and prayed the conquest prayer, consisting of eight rak'ahs.
The Entering Mecca
The Muslims proceeded to Mecca from Al-Hajoun, chanting the Takbir (Allahu Akbar) until Mecca resounded with it. Their intention was to reach the Sacred House (the Kaaba) to eradicate idolatry. The hadith states: “The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, entered Mecca, and around the House were three hundred and sixty idols. He began striking them with a stick in his hand, saying: {Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished. Indeed, falsehood is ever bound to vanish.} {Truth has come, and falsehood can neither originate anything nor restore anything.
The first thing the Prophet did at the Kaaba was to circumambulate it and destroy the idols.
The Quraysh gathered at the Kaaba
The Prophet stood and asked them, “O people of Quraysh, what do you think I will do to you?” They replied, “Goodness. You are a noble brother and the son of a noble brother.” He said, “Go, you are free.” The next morning, the Prophet delivered a sermon to the people, beginning with praise and glorification of God. He then said, “God has made Mecca sacred, not the people. It is not permissible for anyone who believes in God and the Last Day to shed blood there or to cut down a tree there. If anyone seeks permission to fight the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him…” And he greeted them, so they said to him: “God has granted permission to His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, but He has not granted it to you. He only granted me permission for a short time during the day, and its sanctity has returned today as it was yesterday. Let those who are present inform those who are absent.”
After the Messenger had purified the House (the Kaaba) of the images they attributed to Abraham and Ishmael, peace be upon them both—
and removed the divining arrows, Bilal ibn Rabah ascended the Kaaba to call the people to prayer. The people then began pledging allegiance to the Messenger of God on Islam.
The Sermon on the Conquest of Mecca and Giving the Key to the Kaaba to Uthman ibn Talha
The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “O people of Quraysh, what do you say? What do you think?” They said, “We speak well of you and think well of you. You are a noble Prophet, a noble brother, and the son of a noble brother, and you have the power to do so.” The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “I say as my brother Joseph said: ‘No blame will there be upon you today. May God forgive you; He is the Most Merciful of the merciful. Go, for you are free.’” So they went out as if they had been resurrected from their graves and embraced Islam. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) brought the key to the Kaaba and returned it to Uthman ibn Talha, saying, “Take it, an eternal inheritance. None but a tyrant will take it from you.” The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) then ordered the idols around the Kaaba to be destroyed. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) received the pledge of allegiance from the men and women on Islam. Bilal then stood up and climbed atop the Kaaba and called the Adhan (call to prayer).
The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) dispatched his detachments and divisions to destroy the idols around the Kaaba.
He also established the principle of migration (Hijrah). On the authority of Ibn Abbas (may God be pleased with him), he said: The Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) said on the day of the conquest of Mecca: “There is no migration after the conquest, but only jihad and good intention. And if you are called to arms, then march forth.” The Ansar (Helpers) feared that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) would remain in Mecca, so the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) reassured them, saying: “My life is your life, and my death is your death.
The Prophet's noble character during the conquest of Mecca
1- His forgiveness of Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah and the people of Quraysh.
2- His humility upon entering Mecca; he was bowed in humility before God when he saw the great victory, to the point that his beard almost reached the back of his mount.
The Results of the conquest:
1- The conversion to Islam of:
Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith
Abdullah ibn Abi Umayyah ibn al-Mughirah
al-Sa'ib ibn Abdullah al-Makhzumi
Suhayl ibn Amr
al-Harith ibn Hisham
Utbah and Mu'attib, the sons of Abu Lahab
Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl
Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr
Safwan ibn Umayyah
Hind bint Utbah
2- The end of the era of idol worship and polytheism, and the beginning of monotheism.
3- Lifting the oppression of the polytheists from the persecuted people of Mecca and restoring rights to their rightful owners.
4- God Almighty revealed, as He says in the Wise Reminder (the Quran): “When the victory of God has come and the conquest, and you see the people entering into the religion of God in multitudes, then exalt [Him] with praise of your Lord and ask forgiveness of Him. Indeed, He is ever Accepting of repentance.”
5- Elevating the status of Islam in the hearts of the Arabs and others.
6- Strengthening the hearts of the believers, and their entry into the House (the Kaaba) by divine promise. This is in fulfillment of the verse: “Indeed, Allah has fulfilled the vision for His Messenger in truth. You will surely enter al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and your hair cut short, not fearing [anyone]. He knew what you did not know and has granted you, besides that, an imminent victory.”
Psychology: The Psychology of Victory After Defeat
The psychological impact of victory after defeat is a complex interplay of emotions and perceptions. After a defeat, individuals may experience loss and disappointment, which can lead to a temporary decrease in motivation and readiness. However, the experience of victory can be an opportunity for growth and learning, allowing for self-reflection and a reassessment of goals. The ability to manage these emotions constructively is crucial for maintaining mental health and resilience.
The witness
1- Victory after defeat has a special taste, the taste of happiness after sorrow, the taste of experiencing God's mercy after God's mercy, as He, the Exalted, says: (And He has bestowed upon you His favors, both apparent and hidden). The hidden favors, as scholars interpret them, are "misfortunes," for perhaps what is harmful is actually beneficial.
2- In life's greatest victories, we merely taste the many meanings of life: death and life, success after failure, and the true character of people—who is with you, who is against you, and who only pretends to be with you until another opportunity arises. God Almighty did not bestow upon us these diverse and sometimes mixed emotions except to test us one by one before death. This is a day of joy, this is a day of sorrow, and in between are long days of testing.
3- We witnessed the different natures of people before and after victory. Speaking of victory, consider the noble companion who declared, "This is the day of battle!" The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, dismissed him and appointed his son Ali to lead the army instead. That day was one of mercy, not battle. We also witnessed the noble character of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, as he pardoned the Quraysh. We saw him grant safe passage to those who entered Abu Sufyan's house, a gesture of honor and respect for those of high standing. As the saying goes, "Have mercy on the once-mighty who have been humbled." Abu Sufyan was humbled before his time, yet the Messenger of God honored him by showing him respect in front of everyone. This is not surprising from the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him. Peace and blessings be upon him, whom the Lord of the Worlds praised, saying, “And indeed, you are of a great moral character.”
4- Life is a cycle, or as God Almighty said, “You will surely pass from one state to another.” Sometimes it is health, sometimes sickness, sometimes victory, sometimes defeat, sometimes success, sometimes failure… and so life revolves in the mill of opposites. One of God Almighty’s social laws is the law of opposites, so that you may come to know every meaning through its opposite.
5- The betrayal of Hatib ibn Abi Balta’ah, who was a Muslim, is a clear indication that prior planning is not everything in wars. The Prophet’s plan, peace and blessings be upon him, was extremely shrewd, but as they say, caution is useless against destiny. There are unpleasant surprises, even from those you trust most. This teaches you that reliance on God Almighty and complete trust in Him is not a phase in your life, but rather should encompass your entire life. Furthermore, no external enemies can ever overcome you except through the betrayal of someone close to you. Beware of your enemy once, and of corrupt advisors a thousand times more. Yet, the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, forgave him. This is a day of mercy, and there is no way to seek revenge. Today is the best day in Mecca.
So praise be to God Almighty for including this example in the life of our Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, so that we may know that after hardship comes ease, that relief comes with patience, and that the ultimate victory belongs to the righteous and His pious servants, no matter how long the oppression lasts.
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